• Anchor Plants
• Storage
• Absorb water and minerals

• Storage stems
• Protective Thorns
• Modified Photosynthetic
• Ant Dwellings

Used in Dicots

Has one primary root

example - root of a sweet potato or carrot 

Used in Monocots 

Roots branch out instead of having one primary root

Monocot - vascular system is scattered

Dicot - vascular system is in a ring 

Microsporangium

(Male Sporangium)

Microgametophyte

(Male Gametopyte)

Megasporangium

(Female Sporangium)

• A haploid female spore produced by a heterosporous plant that develops into the female gametophyte

• Formed following meiosis in heterosporous species

• A haploid male spore formed following meiosis in heterosporous species. 

• In seed plants, microspores give rise to the male microgametophyte, which will mature as pollen.

• 1 Species
• Appeared in the Permain period 250 myBP

• 300 species
• Appeared in Permain period, dominated Mesozic Era
• Male+Female plants

• 550 species
• Appeared in the Carboniferious Period
• Economically important

• 70 species
• close relatives of flowering plants

Megagametophyte

(Female Gametophyte)

• Cache of starches, oils, and proteins that the plant embyro uses for nutrition as it grows

• 3n

• 2 sperm cells released
• 1 fertilizes the egg to form 2n zygote
• The other fuses with polar nuclei to form the endosperm

• A tube that grows from the pollen grain on the stigma toward the ovary and ovule containing the egg cell
• Formed when a tube cell begins to elongate and burrow down into the style after a compatible pollen grain has landed on the stigma
• Transports the sperm nuclei to the egg nucleus and the two polar nuclei

Gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cell 

Made of integuments, female sporangium, female gamteophyte

Pollen 

(Angiosperm)

• Flower with little or no symmetry 
• Rare

• A unisex flower

• Missing stamens or carpels

• An imperfect flower is always incomplete

• Made up of the ovary, style, and stigma

• Also called a pistil 

• long, slender neck of the carpel
• connects the ovary to the stigma

• Ovary, style, and stigma

• Also called a carpel

• A specialized leaf-like structure that together with others of its kind forms the calyx, the outermost whorl of a flower. 

• Sepals usually appear in multiples of three or more, and protect the flower in bud. 

• Largest photosynthetic phylum
• Oveer 300,000 species
• Two major classes- Monocots and Eudicots

• A clade of plants characterized by the structure of the plant embryo, which contains a single leaf-like structure called the cotyledon. 

• Contains about 65,000 species

• Lilies, cattails, palms, orchids, irises, and all grasses including rice, wheat, and corn.

• All 4 parts are present (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels)
• Produce male and female gametophytes 

Flower lacking any of the 4 major structues

Attachment point for flower plants

• A clade of plants characterized by the structure of the plant embryo, which contains two or more leaf-like structures called cotyledons. 

• Contains about 175,000 species

• Asters, snapdragons, legumes, and almost every type of flowering tree and shrub.

• Fruits develop from the ovary of a flower

• Most fruits aid in seed dispersal

• Some fruits only provide protection for seed

• An ovary positioned below the receptacle of a flower

• Members of the iris family

• An ovary positioned above a receptacle of a flower

• Members of the mint family.

Inner layer of the fruit wall

• Radial- "actinomorphic"
• Bilateral- zygomorphic

Single pistil with one or more ovules

Examples - Drupe, Pepo, Hesperidium

Something other than ovary tissue makes the fruit.

Apples and pears.

Core of an apple is the ovary, outer fleshy part comes from sepals and petals coming together and surrounding the ovary, 

Single flower with many separate pistils.

The bumps on a raspberry are each separate pistils. 

Magnolia fruits

Many flowers with pistils combine to make one fruit.

Pineapple, each diamond shaped section on fruit is its own flower. 

Figs

Popcorn

Ovary wall is hard and dry.
Two basic types...
Dehiscent - split open at maturity. Beans 

Indehiscent - do not split at maturity. Nuts, grains, barley. 

The chemical in peppers that mammals can detect but birds cannot that causes the hotness. Pepper are made to be dispersed by birds and not mammals and this is the reason for the chemical

Small in size

No scent

Red or black

Seeds can pass through the digestive tract

Genetically programmed to live for only one growing season.

Everything goes into reproduction.

Reproduce several to many years
This is what most perennials are 

• Anther (microsporangium) - undergoes meiosis to form four haploid male spores (microspores) from each cell. 
• Spores germinate inside the male sporangium (anther) and grow into male gametophytes (pollen) with three cells

• Inside the ovary are one or more ovules. 
• One cell in the female sporangium undergoes meiosis to form four female spores. Three spores die and one spore grows into a female gametophyte. 
• Female gametophyte has only eight cells. Two cells are called polar nuclei. One cell is the egg.

• Pollen grows a polleu tube down to female gametophyte.
• One sperm cells fertilizes the egg to make the 2n zygote. 
• Second sperm fertilizes the 2 polar nuclei to form 3n endosperm. 
• Zygote grows into a baby sporaphyte on the gametophyte. 
• Endosperm grows into food tissue for the seed. 

Stamens and stigmas mature at different times. Ex - The avocado on one all the flowers are male in the morning and female at night, and the other is female in the morning and male at night.

Separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

Separate male and female plants (ensures that you cannot self pollinate). 

• Support- tendrils, bouyancy in spongy leaf petioles, overlapping petioles form a stalk
• Bracts- leaves associated w/ flowers or fruits
• Protection- spines on cactus
• Storage leaves- blubs
• Carnivorous plants

• Simple leaf- single blade
• Compound leaves- blade is divided into 2 or more leaflets

Pinnately Compound

Palmtely Compound

• Tuber- potato

• Corm- banana tree

• Rhizomer- ginger, iris