1. Extracting a raw, relatively unpurified product (Mixture)

2. Extracting and purifying various drug compounds

3. chemically modifying purified compounds (semi-synthetic drug)

4. produce a new, totally synthetic drug using plant  derivative as a model 

• Ancient Greece
• "father of medicine"
• medicinal code of ethics
• used reasoning to deduce proper drugs
• disease caused by nature, not the gods

• Greek physician
• wrote the Herbal de Materia Medica
• fisrt classification of drugs by therapudic use

physical appearance of plants directly related to medicinal use (by design of God)

• Hepatica has a leaf like a liver so it must treat the liver 

(Catha edulis)

• Native to tropical east Africa

• Fresh leaves are chewed for stimulant effect

• Stimulant, euphoric, appetite suppressant

• Traditional uses: treatment of coughing, malaria, athsma, fatigue, hunger, sleepiness

• contains alkaloid cathinone, an amphetamine like stimulant 

mostly herbaceous dicots and fungi

Main families: Fabaceae (legume), Solanaceae (nightshade), Rubiaceae (coffee)

• contain nitrogen
• are usually alkaline (basic)
• have a bitter taste
• nervous system- physiological or psychological
• caffeine, nicotine, nicotine, cocaine, morphine 

• named so b/c a sugar molucule is attached to active component
• steroid (3 hexanes + 1 pentane)
• has effect on contaction of heart muscle

• has high potential for abuse
• has no curreny accepted medical use in treatment in US
• lack of accepted safety for one use of drug or other substance under medical supervision

• trial and error
• folklore
• ethnobotanical field studies of aboriginal societies

• Analgesic- relieves minor aches and pains
• Anti inflammatory- reduces inflamation
• Antipyretic- reduces fever
• Hippocrates- bitter powder made from willow bark (salicin extract)
• Felix Hoffman synthesized it
• asetylsalicylic acid = aspirin
• John Vane won Nobel Prize for showing mechanism of action of it

• most chronic public health problem
• 1-2 million deaths per year
• 300-500 million clinical cases

• vector born infectious disease caused by protozoan parasite
• causes anemia, fever, death
• Quinine first effective treatmet against malaria
• extracted from cinchona tree

oldest

improves brain function with dementia

helps with alzheimers