Term
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Definition
| Transparent so sunlight can penetrate |
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Definition
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Definition
| Replaced by cork cells (outer most layer of bark) |
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Term
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Definition
-No ring of vascular bundles
-No organized pith
-No vascular cambium
-No cork camdium |
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Term
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Definition
-Organized ring of vascular bundles
-ground tissue is located between epidermis and vascular tissue
-Pith is in center |
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Term
| Why don't monocots have a cortex? |
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Definition
| -No cortex because they don't grow big stems |
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Term
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Definition
-store ground tissue cells
-Found in center of stem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sclerenchyma Support Fibers |
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Definition
-May support vascular bundle
-Fibers have a thiick 2* cell wall that provides strength and rigidity
-Located closest to epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
-Transports dissolved sucrose under positive pressure
-Pushed along versus drawn up |
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Term
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Definition
-Phloem is the phloem tube will move anywhere within a plant where it is being utilized or stored
-Unlike the movement of water |
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Term
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Definition
-alive at maturity, but lack nuclei so can't divide
-connecting cell walls are perforated by sieve pores~50% of the area
-Live only one year and must be replaced each season |
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Term
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Definition
-Companion cells regulate the loading and unloading of sucrose from sieve elements
-Each sieve element is closely
-Transports sucrose in sieve element
-Transport takes ATP |
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Term
| Sugar Transport in Phloem |
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Definition
| -Sucrose is sythesized by leaf chrenchyma |
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Term
| *Transportation of Sucrose |
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Definition
-Sucrose draws water into sieve element by osmosis, raises turgor pressure and pushes sucrose toward sink
-Active Transport Process |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-bitch ass bug that sucks sucrose rich sap from sap
-proved contents are under pressure and forced through the aphid booty hole as dew |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elongation of roots and shoots |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by division on lateral meristems
-vascular cambium: xylem and pholem
-cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
-inactive in autum and winter
-stimulated by auxin in spring |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxy layer to restrict water loss |
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Term
| Vascular Bundles in Stems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Dead, suberized, imperable to water
-no intercellular spaces
-as many of 40 layers |
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Term
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Definition
-living, only have primary cell wall
-not suberized
-Many intercelluar spaces tp allow gas exchane
-Go through celluar respiration |
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Term
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Definition
Mitochondria
-Glucose+oxygen=Co2 |
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Term
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Definition
-Raised, localized areas loosely packed cork cells
-gas exchange to living cells of stem occurs |
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Term
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Definition
-cork cambium
-cortex cells
-Vascular cambium
-2* phloem |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly gynosperms, mostly temperate evergreens
-pine, sprucem larch, fir, and redwood
-do not make flowers
-softwood xylem composed of only tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
-Softwood of gymnosperms
-went stem gets damaged, resin leaks to repair |
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Term
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Definition
-Temperate and tropical trees (seed-producing, flowering) e.g. oak, maple, ash, walnut, etc.
-contain xylem tracheids and vessels |
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Term
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Definition
-interior is dark due to resin and gums
-empty xylem tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| -sapwood is light outer layer transports water and minerals |
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Term
| tree rings (growth rings)* |
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Definition
-ring width decreases with age
-length stays the same |
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Term
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Definition
-all tissues outside vascular cambium
-consist of 2* phloem, 2* cortex, cork cambium, cork |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-tree-like, but actually monocots that do not have 2* growth
-Just behind the apical meristem, there is intense cellular division
-This produces primary thickening and an increase in diameter of the stem |
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Term
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Definition
-Not a tree
-Large overlapping leaf bases form the "stem"
-The stem is underground growing horizontally
-flowing plants |
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Term
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Definition
| photsythetic, flat, leaf like stems |
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Term
| Stem Epidermis Modification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Bulbs have short little stems
-rosette stems surrounded by fleshy nutrient storing leaves
-Adventitious Roots
-Onions, lillys |
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Term
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Definition
grow horizontally near surface
-e.g Iris, canna, begonia, ginger
-Adventitious root |
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Term
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Definition
-develops off rhizome
-swollen, underground, energy-storing stems
-e.g. irish potatoes are tubers that grow on rhizomes |
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Term
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Definition
| short, vertical, underground stems that store nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| *Pericycle of the Root Stele |
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Definition
| -Branch roots grow from it |
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Term
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Definition
-Xylem and phloem
-Between lobes are xylem cells |
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Term
| Monocot Root Vascular Tissue |
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Definition
| -Ring of vascular tissue surrounding a pith it parenchyma |
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Term
| 2ndary growth in Dicot Roots* |
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Definition
-Vascular cambium differentiates from the cells between the primary xylem an dprimary phloem
-Cork Cambium differentiates from the pericycle
-Cork prevents absorption of water; roots with 2ndary growth only anchor the plant |
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Term
| *Forensics and 2ndary growth in roots, (two ways) |
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Definition
| -Used to determine minimum time elapsed since death |
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Term
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Definition
| -multicellular plant in which each cell has only 1copy of each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| -multicellular plant in which each cell has 2copies of each chromosome |
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Term
| *Roots vs Fungi relationship |
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Definition
Mycorrhizae are fungi associated with many plant roots:
-Fungi absorb dissolved minerals from soil for plant
-Plant provides sugars for fungus |
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Term
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Definition
-help mineral absorption
-citrus tree and gymnosperms are difficult to grow without it
-crop yields increase corn 100, wheat 200, and onions 3,000 |
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Term
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Definition
-Protein that fixes CO2
-uses CO2 to make sugar molecules carbon fixatio |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Adventitious groups that grow from and support the stem
-corn has a fibrous root system underground |
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Term
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Definition
Plants evolved to live entirely abovegorund e/d/ many orchards
-many are found in rainforest
-from adventitious aerial roots from stems |
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Term
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Definition
-An angiosperm
-No roots
-water and nutrients are absorbed by hairs on stems ad leaves |
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Term
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Definition
-Needed to make nucleic acids and proteins
-A few soil bacteria e.g. RHizobium. contain the unique enzyme nitrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Division that reduces the number of chromosomes rom diploid to haploid |
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Term
| The evolutionary species concept |
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Definition
| -A species is a group of organism with a comon evolutionary lineage |
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Term
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Definition
lets you look at the ancestory of a plant
-Dicots:
Magnoliids
Tricolpates
Paleoherbs
Monocots
Paleoherbs |
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Term
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Definition
-New species evolve from preexisting species as populations adapt to local environmental conditions
-Isolated population of same species randomly accumulae different mutatuions
-->reproductive isolation |
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Term
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Definition
-Ultra violet rays cause mutations in DNA
-Mutations are random
-Slight change in color or chemical attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified leaf functioning as if it were a peddle |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Polyploid plants have more than 2N# of chromosomes
-Polyploidy may result from non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiotic division
-35% of flowering plants species are polyploid |
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Term
| Hybridization and Chromosome |
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Definition
-Hybrid: Offspring from parents or different generic backgrounds
-CHromosome doubling caused by non-disjunction during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
-Triticum aestivum, is the most cultivated crop in the world
-hybridization between einkorn wheat and goat grass |
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Term
| Evolution of domestic wheat |
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Definition
-hybridization between einkorn wheat and goat grass
-Doubling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polyploidy--> Larger size, thicker leaves, increased water retention, larger flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-oldest fossils are bacteria that lived 3.8 bya
-first photosynthetic organism evollved 2.5bya and were smilar to cyanobacteria
-changed the earth by releasing oxygen into the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Evolutonary Advances of Plants |
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Definition
-plants retain embryo (2n) within cells of parent
-Parents nourish the embryo )most algae do not)
-Higher plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, produce seeds containing the embryo
-Angiosperms produce fruits |
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Term
| Evolutonary Advances of Plants |
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Definition
-plants retain embryo (2n) within cells of parent
-Parents nourish the embryo )most algae do not)
-Higher plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, produce seeds containing the embryo
-Angiosperms produce fruits |
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Term
| Evolutonary Advances of Plants |
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Definition
-plants retain embryo (2n) within cells of parent
-Parents nourish the embryo )most algae do not)
-Higher plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, produce seeds containing the embryo
-Angiosperms produce fruits |
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Term
| Evolutonary Advances of Plants |
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Definition
-plants retain embryo (2n) within cells of parent
-Parents nourish the embryo )most algae do not)
-Higher plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, produce seeds containing the embryo
-Angiosperms produce fruits |
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Term
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Definition
-first land dwellers resembled primitive mosses and liverworts (bryophytes)
-moist required moist habitat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -evolved t allow plants to occupy drier habitats-ferns and fern allies |
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Term
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Definition
| -evolved t allow plants to occupy drier habitats-ferns and fern allies |
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Term
| *Parts and functions of roots |
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Definition
| functions: absorbs water, and minerals, anchorage of plant, storage of minerals, conduction of water and solutes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-First eucaryotic cell
-photosynthetic eukaryotes
-Green algae are most diverse |
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Term
| *Plant tissues that makes up cortex and pith |
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Definition
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Term
| *Vascular tissue of gymno sperms versus angiosperms |
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Definition
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Term
| *Function of root systems |
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Definition
| functions: anchorages plant, absorbs water and minerals, storage of minerals, conduction of water and solutes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| *Function of Pith Cells in a root |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rhizobixan uses the enzyme __________ to_____ |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| -Jacket of Storage Reproductive cells to protect |
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