Term
| Compound Light Microscope |
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Definition
-Magnify up to 1000x
-Light passes through object to be viewed
-Clearly see organelles and cells as small as 2 microns. |
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Term
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Definition
-Magnify up to 30x
-Used to view surface of object |
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Term
| Transmission electron Microscope |
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Definition
-Uses electrons to visualize the sample
-Doesnt use white light
-Magnify more than 200k
-like compound light microscope |
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Term
| Scanning Electron microscope |
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Definition
-Like dissecting microscope
-magnify up to 10k |
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Term
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Definition
1) Red lens in check
2) Stage back
3) Light off/ knob turned down
4) Clean |
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Term
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Definition
Base- light source
Condenser-acts like lens-allow light in
Mechanical stage
Objectives- 4x red
10x Yellow
40x blue |
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Term
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Definition
| Closest 2 objects can be before they appear as 1. |
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Term
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Definition
FUNCTION:
-Site of aerobic cellular respiration
-Majority of AIP synthetics
BACTERIAL LIKE:
-Contains Proteins, DNA, RNA, Ribosomes
STRUCTURE:
-Double membrane
-Inner membrane highly folded
-folding=greater surface area= more ATP
BOUND MATRIX |
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Term
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Definition
-Membrane bound organelle
-Contains cell SAP
-Inorganic ions,sugars,organic acids, amino acids, pigments( anthocynan ) |
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Term
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Definition
Network of protein filaments- act like mono rails.
-INVOLVED IN:
Cell growth division, differentiation
Organelle movement
Cytoplasmic streaming |
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Term
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Definition
| Interphase, mitosis, plant growth, wound repair |
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Term
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Definition
Chromosomes NOT visible
-Chromatin-no organization-all over
Divided up
-GL: long period
-S: Each chromosome is copied
Forms sister chromatids
-G2: Cells continue to ready to divide |
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Term
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Definition
NUCLEAR DIVISION
Cell division
-daughter cells
-need to be genetically identical
-occurs in meristematic regions |
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Term
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Definition
2 cells with individual nucleus
-provide all to create 2 complete cells
-DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CLEARLY SEE CHROMOSOMES
-chromosomes condense
-Chromatids visible
Centromere hold sister chroms together
-Membrane fragments
-Nucleolus disappears - disintegrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatids line up at the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
1)nucleus forms
2)chromatin forms
3)nucleol forms
4)cell plate forms
5)primary cell wall forms
6)middle llamelia |
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Term
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Definition
permanent points in plant where actively dividing
-mitosis |
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Term
| Apical meristem (apical=tip or apex) |
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Definition
-A lot of cells in mitosis
-At or near the growing tips of shoot/roots
-Dividing cells produce "primary growth"
-produce primary meristem |
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Term
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Definition
Developed from meristem
procombrium- gives rise to |
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Term
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Definition
Grow in diameter
-increase the girth of roots+stems
-Secondary tissues
INCLUDE:
vascular cambium
-function=support and conduct
-conk cambium=produce bark and trees |
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Term
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Definition
(ONLY IN MONOCOT STEM)
-carcasses dont have vascular nor cork cambrium
-Apical meristem
--Nodes where leaves attach
--Add to stem length |
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Term
| Parenchyma- simple tissue |
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Definition
FUNCTION: Food and storage tissue
-Ground tissues
-Most abundant cell type in plants
-Large Vacuoles
starch grains,oils,tanning
-Thin cell walls
-living cells = can divide |
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Term
| Chlonencyma- simple tissue |
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Definition
-Parenchyma with chloroplasts
-photosynthetic tissue
-Recall elodea leaf |
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Term
| Collenchyma- simple tissue |
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Definition
-Living
-thicker cell walls
-typically below epidermis |
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Term
| Epidermis- complex tissue |
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Definition
-Outer most layer of cells
-secrete cutin
Forms cuticle, prevents evaporation, resists bacterial infection
-WAXES- ex. Bayberry candles, polishes
FORMATION OF ROOT HAIRS |
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Term
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Definition
-Outer bark of woody plants
-Cork cells
Dead
Cytoplasm is active
Secrete suberin |
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Term
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Definition
-Seed germination
radical-emerges 1st to feed and nourish
-Taproots
-Fibrous root system
-Adventitious roots ex. grass |
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Term
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Definition
allows to slide roots down and avoid abrasions
-in root cap |
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Term
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Definition
-apical meristem
-protoderm-epidermis
-ground meristem |
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Term
|
Definition
-parenchyma cells
-protection
-gravitropism |
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Term
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Definition
Cells not dividing + cells elongating
-Grow wider
-vacuoles merge - forms large central vac |
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Term
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Definition
-Differentiate
-Root hairs
extentions of epidermal cells
-Increase absorption capacity |
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Term
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Definition
3 tissues
-epidermis
-cortex
parenchyma=storage
-Vascular Cylinder
Endoderms |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports water from roots to aerial parts of plant trachids and vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports food from aerial parts of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral root develop from this |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple Primary xylem + phloem |
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Term
| Specialized roots ( ADAPTATION ) |
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Definition
| ex. Yams, sweet potato, dandilions, carrots |
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Term
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Definition
-Mutualistic-Cymbiosis-help each other out
-Aide in absorption w/ phosphr, nitr, water
-prevent disease
-energy & carbon consumption |
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Term
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Definition
-Bacteria
-legumes(ex. peas, beans, alfalfa)
-Convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The living material of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
Makes up protoplasm.
Main constituent is water
-contains organelles, membranes, particles, and dissolved substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Play a role in the manufacture of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Occupy more than 95% of a plants cell volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chloroplasts are carried along by a riverlike flow of almost invisible cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
Study of plants
-Plant molecular biology
-plant biochemistry
-plant cell biology
-plant physiology
-plant anatomy
-plant genetics
etc... |
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Term
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Definition
Obervations
Questions
Hypothesis
-Tentative explanation
-testable
-falsifiable
Prediction
Experiment
Conclusion
Reiterations |
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Term
| Treatment Groups - experiments |
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Definition
-subjects tested with what you are testing
-variable |
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Term
| Control Groups - experiments |
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Definition
| -subjects that you compare your treatment against |
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Term
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Definition
(INDEPENDENT VARIABLE)
-manipulated variable
-plotted on x-axis of graph |
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Term
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Definition
(DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
-outcome of experimental variable
-plotted on the y-axis of graph |
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Term
| How are variables plotted? |
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Definition
| |_ Wall depends on the floor |
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Term
| How does life on earth depend on plants? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, food, nutrients, shelter, clothes, medicine |
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Term
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Definition
95%=macro nutrients
-carbon=food
-hydrogen=food+water
-oxygen
-nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
-Phosphorous
-sulfur
-potassium |
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Term
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Definition
Electrons shared
strong
non-polar covalent
-Electrons equally shared e.g CH4
polar covalent
-Electrons unequally shared e.g.H20 |
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Term
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Definition
-Electrons lost=CATION e.g. Na CATS:)
-Electrons gained=ANION e.g. Cl ANTS:(
-opposites attracted, NaCl
NO SHARING
lose 1 electron = positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
-Attraction between two polar molecules
e.g. 2 water molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity to do work/cause change |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 element (2 or more atoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 more more different elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive H+ + Anion > Base |
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Term
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Definition
NaOH > (Na+)+(OH-)
Drops ph = add hydroxide
Add ph = release hydroxide |
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Term
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Definition
PH= -LOG(10)[H+] =10(-7) molar
PH=-log10(10(-7))
PH=(-)(-7)log(10)10
=1
PH=(-)(-7)(1)= (7) |
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Term
| What forms can energy take? |
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Definition
Kinetic=Movement
Potential=Chemical bonds,Chemical gradients |
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Term
| What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy can neither be created nor destroyed it can though be transformed from one form to another. |
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Term
| What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? |
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Definition
For each transaction of energy, some energy is degraded to a less usable form
ex. Thermal energy=heat |
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Term
| Monosaccharides (mono=single) |
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Definition
MONOMERS OF POLYMERS
=Building blocks
-(CH2O)n
-Glucose-C6 H12 O6
-Fructose-C6 H12 O6
-Ribose-C5 H10 O5 |
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Term
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Definition
-Sucrose
Transported sugar in plants
Composed of 2 monocaccharide
-glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| -Condensation reation(pulling out) |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrolysis(ADD WATER)
-Split molecule into 2 by adding H20
Hydrolytic=BREAK BOND |
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Term
| Polysaccharide (poly=many) |
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Definition
| Composed of monosacchrides or some dissacrides |
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Term
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Definition
-Storage charbohydrate
-composed of glucose |
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Term
| Cellulose (cows, termites can digest) |
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Definition
-Structural carbohydrate
-Composed of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Function: Energy storage, structural, waterproofing
Chemically diverse
Hydrophobic(NONPOLAR)water hating
NOT FORMED FROM MONOMERS |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of
-Glycerol backbone
-3 fatty acids
-dehydration synthesis
-hydrolysis degradation
HYDROPHOBIC (non-polar)
-Saturated or unsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of
-Glycerol
-2 fatty acids
-Phosphate group
Hydrophobic(nonpolar)/hydropholic(polar)
Lipid bilayer formation
-cellular membranes |
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Term
| Function as barriers to water loss |
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Definition
| Cutin, Suberin, and waxes |
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Term
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Definition
Extremely diverse
FUNCTIONS:
-Enzymes
-structural
-Storage
-Transporters
-Hormonal
-Receptors
-Defensive |
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Term
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Definition
Monomers of proteins
20 different kinds
structure
-Amino group-NH2
-Acidic group-COOH
-Side group-R
Polar, non-polar, basic, acidic |
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Term
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Definition
Polypeptide
Peptide bonds-dehydration reaction
3D shape- Depends on the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide
3D shape dictates functionality |
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Term
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Definition
Protein
Catalyst
-Active sites
-Accelerates reations
Lowers activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
Functions:
-store DNA & RNA information
-Energy currency of a cell
-Polynucleotides
-Dehydration reaction between nucleotides to synthesize polynucleo
-Hydrolysis to degrade polynucleotid |
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Term
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Definition
Monomers of DNA & RNA
Composed of:
-ribose or deoxyribose
-Nitrogenous base
Adenine(DNA&RNA)
Thymine(DNA only)
Guanine(DNA&RNA)
Cytosine(DNA&RNA)
Uracil(RNA only) |
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Term
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Definition
Cell's energy
-Adenosine Triphosphate
Energy currency
Cleave off a phosphate group
-Release useful energy (DO WORK)
-Release wasteful energy(RELEASE HEAT) |
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Term
| Who contributed to the Cell Theory- all living things are composed of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who described living microorganisms from teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions? |
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Definition
| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1673-1723 |
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Term
| Who published the Cell Theory? |
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Definition
| Schleiden and Schwann in 1838 |
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Term
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Definition
-All living things are composed of one or more cells
-Chemical reactions occur in a cell
-Cells arise from other cells
-Cells contain hereditary information which is passed on to offspring cells |
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Term
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Definition
-No nuclear membrane-bound nucleus
-No organelles
-Bacteria and Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
-Nuclear membrane-bound nucleus
-Organelle
-Plant, animal, protista, and fungi |
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Term
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Definition
COMPOSED OF:
-Principally Cellulose
-Hemicelluloses
-Pectins
-Lignin
FUNCTIONS:
-Cell shape
-Prevent rupturing
-Role in cell physiology
-Role in pathogen resistance
MIDDLE LAMELLA:
-Composed of pectin
-Shared by adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
Boundary between the inside and outside worlds of a cell
COMPOSITION:
-Phospholipids
-Proteins
LIPID BILAYER "Ocean"
PROTEINS "Ships" |
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Term
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Definition
-Stores genetic info
-controls activity of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-Site of photosynthesis
-STRUCTURE:Double membrane, Thylakoid(green, converts light to energy)
Stacks of thylakoid mem=granum
CONTAINS DNA & RIBOSOMES |
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Term
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Definition
Pigmented Plastid
-Carotenoids-yellow,red,orange pgmnt
-role of unknown nature, to attract insects? |
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Term
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Definition
-Non-pigmented plastid
-Amyloplasts
Synthesize and store starch
LIGHT DEPRIVED CHLOROPLASTS=leucoplasts |
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Term
| Where is cytoplasm located in most cells? |
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Definition
| Inside the plasma membrane |
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Term
| What are cytoplasmic bridges? |
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Definition
| Thin strands of cytoplasm |
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Term
| If present in a cell, where are anthocyanin pigments located? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what part of a cell are cholorplasts located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the thin boundary of the vacuole called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Specifically where do starch grains develop in a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where would you expect to find a nucleolus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how can you distinguish anthocyanin pigments and chromoplasts? |
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Definition
| Bigger "blob"= annthoyanin |
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Term
| What changes in a cell's cytoplasm and nucleus take place during interphase? |
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Definition
| It prepares itself for the begining of mitosis. |
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Term
| In which region of a root tip does mitosis occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Top-shaped fiber that extends netween 2 invisible opposite poles |
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Term
| What are the main events of metaphase? |
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Definition
| Centromes align at equator & spindle fibers completely develop. |
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis do chromosomes first become distinguishable from one another? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to chromosomes during anaphase? |
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Definition
| Strands separate lengthwise at centromes and one strand of each pair goes to opposite poles. |
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Term
| Of what substance is a middle lamella composed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What becomes of the cell plate at the conclusion of mitosis? |
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Definition
| After growing outward and unites with plasma membrane. Cellulode is deposited on membrane resulting in new cells. NEW CELL WALLS. |
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Term
| When do single-stranded chromosomes become two-stranded? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which specific regions of a plant does mitosis commonly take place? |
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Definition
| Meristematic & elongation |
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Term
| In which phase of mitosis do nucleoli disappear? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When do nucleoli reappear? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What takes place in metaphase? |
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Definition
| Chromosome centromeres align at equator, top shaped spindle is fully developed. |
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Term
| Poles, equator, & spindle are all visable in... |
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Definition
| at least 1 stage of mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of cells is obvious |
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Term
| From what does a new cell wall develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell organelle produces the materials for a new middle lamella? |
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Definition
| Pectilin is added to the cell membrane. |
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Term
| What is the function of a centromere? |
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Definition
| Acts as the point of mitotic spindle attachment. |
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