Term
CORE AND SKIN TEMPERATURE:
“CORE TEMPERATURE”
(THAT OF THE ____ TISSUES) REMAINS ALMOST EXACTLY _______ PLUS/MINUS __ __________ DAY AFTER DAY EXCEPT IN CASES OF _____. |
|
Definition
DEEP
CONSTANT
1° F (0.6° C)
FEVER |
|
|
Term
A _____ PERSON CAN BE EXPOSED TO TEMP. RANGING FROM
__ DEG. F UP TO ___ DEG. F (DRY AIR) AND STILL WILL MAINTAIN AN ALMOST CONSTANT _______ _____.
ON THE OTHER HAND, ______ TEMP. GOES UP AND DOWN WITH THE TEMP. OF THE _______.
THIS IS THE TEMP. THAT’S IMPORTANT WHEN WE REFER TO THE ABILITY OF THE SKIN TO _______ HEAT. |
|
Definition
NUDE
55
130
INTERNAL TEMP
SKIN
SURROUNDINGS.
LOSE |
|
|
Term
NORMAL VALUES: ?
ORALLY MEASURED: ?
RECTALLY MEASURED: ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EXERCISE WILL PRODUCE _______ VARIATIONS IN BODY TEMP. AS WELL AS ________ TEMP. IN THE SURROUNDINGS.
INTENSE EXERCISE CAN __________ THE BODY HEAT AND TEMP. CAN GO
UP TO _______ F _______.
IF THE BODY IS EXPOSED TO ______, TEMP. CAN FALL TO VALUES ______ __ F. |
|
Definition
HIGHER
EXTREME
INCREASE
101-104°
TEMPORARILY
COLD
BELOW
96° |
|
|
Term
BODY TEMP. IS CONTROLLED BY BALANCING HEAT _______ AGAINST HEAT _______.
IF THE RATE OF HEAT PROD. IN THE BODY IS _____ THAN THE RATE AT WHICH HEAT IS _______, HEAT BUILDS UP IN THE BODY AND TEMP. INCREASES.
IF HEAT ______ IS GREATER THAN ITS PROD., BODY HEAT AND TEMP. _______. |
|
Definition
PRODUCTION
LOSS
HIGHER
LOST
LOSS
DECREASE. |
|
|
Term
HEAT PROD. IS A MAIN
BY-PRODUCT OF __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE RATE OF HEAT PRODUCTION ALSO KNOWN AS THE _______ _______ OF THE BODY.
--BASAL RATE OF METABOLISM OF ALL
CELLS OF THE BODY
--EXTRA METABOLISM CAUSED BY MUSCLE
ACTIVITY
(INCLUDING MUSC. CONTRACTION
CAUSED BY ________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
EXTRA METABOLISM CAUSED BY THE EFFECT OF _______ ON THE ______ (AND TO A LESSER EXTENT, OTHER HORM. [GW AND TESTOSTERONE])
EXTRA MET. CAUSED BY THE EFFECT OF ________, ___-________ AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION OF THE CELLS.
EXTRA METABOLISM CAUSED BY _______
CHEM. ACTIVITY IN THE CELLS THEMSELVES, SPECIALLY WHEN TEMP. ______. |
|
Definition
THYROXINE
CELLS
EPINEPHRINE
NOR-EPINEPHRINE
INCREASED
INCREASES |
|
|
Term
| THE RATE OF HEAT LOSS IS DETERMINED BY TWO FACTORS... WHICH ARE? |
|
Definition
HOW FASTLY HEAT CAN BE CONDUCTED FROM WHERE IT IS PRODUCED IN THE BODY CORE (HEART, LIVER, BRAIN, SKEL. MUSC. IN EXERCISE
HOW FASTLY HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED FROM SKIN TO THE SURROUNDINGS. |
|
|
Term
WHEN NO BLOOD IS FLOWING FROM THE "_____" TO THE SKIN, THE INSULATING PROPERTIES OF THE NORMAL MALE BODY ARE ABOUT THE SAME OF _____ OF INSULATING PROPERTIES OF A USUAL SET OF CLOTHING.
IN WOMEN IS EVEN BETTER. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
BLOOD FLOW TO THE SKIN FROM THE BODY CORE PROVIDES HEAT ________. THE RATE OF THIS FLOW TO A VENOUS PLEXUS DISTRIBUTED IMMEDIATELY BENEATH THE SKIN AND SUPPLIED BY _______ OF BLOOD FROM SKIN CAPILLARIES, AND IN THE MOST EXPOSED AREAS OF THE BODY
(HANDS, FEET AND EARS) ALSO BY SMALL ARTERIES THROUGH HIGHLY MUSCULAR ARTERIOVENOUS __________, CHANGES A LOT FROM A LITTLE ABOVE ZERO TO AS __% OF THE CARDIAC OUTPUT. |
|
Definition
TRANSFER
INFLOW
ANASTOMOSES
30 |
|
|
Term
A HIGH RATE:
= ______ HEAT TO THE SKIN
= _____ LOSS.
A LOW RATE:
= _____ HEAT TO THE SKIN
= _______ LOSS.
SKIN IS AN EFFECTIVE, WELL-CONTROLLED HEAT ________. |
|
Definition
MORE
INCREASED
LESS
DECREASED
RADIATOR |
|
|
Term
TEMP. OF THE BODY IS REG. ALMOST ENTIRELY BY _______ FEEDBACK MECH. AND ALMOST ALL THESE OPERATE THROUGH
_________ CENTERS LOCATED IN THE _________, AN OPERATION THAT HAPPENS THROUGH TEMP. ________.
THESE SENSORS ARE MOSTLY LOCATED IN THE ___________ AND ________ ______ OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS |
|
Definition
NERVOUS
TEMP-REG.
HYPOTHALAMUS
DETECTORS
PRE-OPTIC
ANTERIOR NUCLEI |
|
|
Term
THE HEAT-SENSITIVE NEURONS __________ THEIR FIRING IF TEMP. _________ AND THE COLD-SENS. ONES INCREASE THEIR FIRING IF TEMP.________.
WHEN THE ___-______ AREA IS STIMULATED, THE SKIN IN EVERY PART OF THE BODY SECRET. PROFUSE SWEAT, THE SKIN BLOOD VESSELS SUFFER INTENSE VASO_____. AND EXCESS BODY HEAT PROD. IS __________. |
|
Definition
INCREASE
INCREASES
DECREASES
PRE-OPTIC
-DILATION
INHIBITED |
|
|
Term
| THE SKIN HAS RECEPTORS FOR WARMTH AND COLD TEMP. (MORE FOR COLD). SIGNALS FROM THE ________ AREA AND ________ RECEPTORS WILL GO TO THE POST._______ WHERE ARE INTEGRATED AND THE ______ IS ESTABLISHED |
|
Definition
PRE-OPTIC
PERIPHERAL
HYPOTH.
RESPONSE |
|
|
Term
BEHAVIORAL CONTROL OF BODY TEMP. MAKES YOU DO _________ ADJUSTMENTS.
ABNORMALITIES:
-FEVER:
INFECTIONS
BRAIN TUMORS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
THAT MAY LEAD TO
_________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FEVER
BODY TEMPERATURE _____ THE USUAL RANGE OF NORMAL.
CAUSES:
--ABNORMALITIES IN THE _____ ITSELF
--_______ SUBSTANCES THAT AFFECT THE
___________-REGULATING CENTERS |
|
Definition
ABOVE
BRAIN
TOXIC
TEMPERATURE |
|
|
Term
MANY ________, BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS OF ________, AND CERTAIN OTHER SUBSTANCES, ESPECIALLY __________ TOXINS RELEASED FROM _________ CELL MEMBRANES, CAN CAUSE THE SET-POINT OF THE _________ THERMOSTAT TO RISE.
SUBSTANCES THAT CAUSE THIS EFFECT ARE CALLED __________.
________ RELEASED FROM TOXIC ________ OR THOSE RELEASED FROM DEGENERATING BODY ________ CAUSE FEVER DURING ________ CONDITIONS. |
|
Definition
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
BACTERIAL
HYPOTHALAMIC
PYROGENS
PYROGENS
BACTERIA
TISSUES
DISEASE |
|
|
Term
WHEN THE SET-POINT OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC
TEMPERATURE-REGULATING CENTER BECOMES _______ THAN NORMAL, ALL THE MECHANISMS FOR RAISING THE BODY TEMPERATURE ARE BROUGHT INTO PLAY, INCLUDING HEAT _______ AND INCREASED HEAT _________. |
|
Definition
HIGHER
CONSERVATION
PRODUCTION |
|
|
Term
WITHIN A FEW ______ AFTER THE
"SET-POINT" HAS BEEN INCREASED, THE BODY _________ ALSO APPROACHES THIS LEVEL. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
SOME PYROGENS, CAN ACT _______ AND IMMEDIATELY ON THE HYPOTHALAMIC TEMPERATURE-REGULATING CENTER TO ________ ITS SET-POINT.
OTHER PYROGENS FUNCTION INDIRECTLY AND MAY REQUIRE SEVERAL HOURS OF ________ BEFORE CAUSING THEIR EFFECTS.
THIS IS TRUE OF MANY OF THE BACTERIAL PYROGENS, ESPECIALLY THE ________ FROM GRAM-________ BACTERIA. |
|
Definition
DIRECTLY
INCREASE
LATENCY
ENDOTOXINS
NEGATIVE |
|
|
Term
WHEN BACTERIA OR BREAKDOWN PRODUCTS OF BACTERIA ARE PRESENT IN THE ________ OR IN THE _____, THEY ARE PHAGOCYTIZED BY THE BLOOD ________ AND BY TISSUE _________.
ALL THESE CELLS DIGEST THE BACTERIAL PRODUCTS AND THEN RELEASE THE SUBSTANCE ___________ _ (LEUKOCYTE PYROGEN OR ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN)INTO THE BODY ______.
THE __________ _, ON REACHING THE
HYPOTHALAMUS, IMMEDIATELY ACTIVATES THE PROCESSES TO PRODUCE _______, SOMETIMES INCREASING THE BODY TEMPERATURE A NOTICEABLE AMOUNT IN ONLY _ TO __ MINUTES. |
|
Definition
TISSUES
BLOOD
LEUKOCYTES
MACROPHAGES
INTERLEUKIN 1
FLUIDS
INTERLEUKIN 1
FEVER
8
10 |
|
|
Term
_________ _ CAUSES FEVER BY FIRST INDUCING THE FORMATION OF ONE OF THE ___________, MAINLY __________ E2, OR A SIMILAR SUBSTANCE, WHICH ACTS IN THE ________ TO ELICIT THE FEVER REACTION.
WHEN __________ FORMATION IS BLOCKED BY ______, THE FEVER IS EITHER COMPLETELY ABROGATED OR AT LEAST _______.
IN FACT, THIS MAY BE THE EXPLANATION FOR THE MANNER IN WHICH ______ REDUCES FEVER, BECAUSE _______ IMPEDES THE FORMATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS FROM ____________ ______.
DRUGS SUCH AS ASPIRIN THAT REDUCE FEVER ARE CALLED ___________. |
|
Definition
INTERLEUKIN 1
PROSTAGLANDINS
PROSTAGLANDIN
HYPOTHALAMUS
PROSTAGLANDIN
DRUGS
REDUCED
ASPIRIN
ASPIRIN
ARACHIDONIC ACID
ANTIPYRETICS |
|
|
Term
HYPOTHERMIA:
__________
LOSS OF ______.
REGULATION AT _____ TEMP.
__________. |
|
Definition
FROSTBITE
TEMP
LOW
ARTIFICIAL |
|
|
