Staphylococcus

aureus

epidermidis

saprophyticus

Streptococcus

pyogenes (Group A)

agalactiae (Group B)

pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)

Enterococcus faecalis

Viridans Group Streptococci

S. sanguis

S. mutans

Gram-Negative Cocci

Neisseria meningitidis

(Meningococcus)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

(Gonococcus)

Gram-Positive Rods

Bacillus

anthracis

cereus

Clostridium

tetani

botulinum

perfringens

difficile

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Listeria monocytogenes

What organism can cause:

Abscess of many organs

Endocarditis

Gastroenteritis

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

Surgical Wound Infections

Sepsis

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram+ Cocci

Treatment:

PenG

Nafcillin

vancomycin

Prevention:

Cefazolin

What is the Coagulase-test results for the 3  Staphylococcus organisms?

aureus

epidermidis

saprophyticus

Coagulase-Positive

S. aureus

Coagulase-Negative

S. epidermidis

S. sarophyticus

Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin - Exotoxin made by S. aureus

Stimulates helper Tcells to release large amounts of lymphokines - IL-2

Staphylococcus aureus toxin

Protease that cleaves desmoglein in tight junctions in the skin

Protein A

What drugs can be used for S. aureus treatment?

Penicillin G

for sensitive isolates

Nafcillin

β-lactamase resistant penicillins

Vancomycin

for Nafcillin resistant 

Plasmid-encoded β-lactamse

What organism is responsible for:

Endocarditis on Prosthetic heart valves

Prosthetic Hip infection

Intravascular catheter infection

CSF shunt infection

neonatal sepsis

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Gram+ cocci

coagulase-negative

Treatment:

Vancomycin + rifampin or aminoglycoside

S. epidermidis

Treatment:

Vancomycin + rifampin

Glycocalyx

Novobiocin

What type of agar is used to grow Staph?

What color do they grow as?

Grown on Blood Agar

S. aureus → Yellow or gold colonies

S. epidermidis → Whitish, nonhemolytic colonies

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

(E. coli is much more common though)

What organism can cause:

Suppurative diseases:

pharyngitis and cellulitis

Nonsuppurative diseases:

rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis

Streptococcus pyogenes

(Group A Streptococcus)

Gram-Positive Cocci - Chains

β-hemolytic

Catalase-negative

Bacitracin-Sensitive

Treatment: Pen G

Streptococcus pyogenes

(Group A Streptococcus)

Treatment:  Pen G

Hyaluronidase

S. pyogenes

treatment: Pen G

Erythrogenic Toxin - superantigen

S. pyogenes

Treatment: Pen G

M Protein

Antibodies againts M protein:

reacts with myosin in cardiac muscles

Gram Positive Cocci

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Gram Negative Cocci

Clostridium

Corynebacterium

Bacillus

Listeria 

Mycobacterium

Gram Negative Rods

(bacilli)

Enterics:

E. coli

Shigella

Salmonella

Yersinia

Klebsiella

Proteus

Enterobacter

Serratia

Vibrio

Campylobacter

Hilicobacter

Pseudomonas

Haemophilus

Legionella

Bordetella

Francisella

Brucella

Pasteurella

Bartonella

Gardnerella

Gram Positive

Branching filamentous

Actinomyces

Nocardia

Pleomorphic Gram Negative

Rickettsiae

Chlamydiae

Gram Negative Spirochetes

Leptospira

Borrelia

Treponema

Giemsa Stain

Borrelia

Plasmodium

Trypanosomes

Chlamydia

PAS

(periodic acid-Schiff)

Tropheryma whippelii

(Whipple's disease)

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

(Acid-Fast Stain)

Mycobacteria

Nocardia (weakly acid fast)

India Ink Stain

Cryptococcus neoformans

Silver Stain

Fungi

Legionella

Chocolate agar with factors V and X

H. influenzae

Obligate Aerobes

"Nagging Pests Must Breath"

Nocardia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacillus

Obligate anaerobes

"Can't Breath Air"

Clostridium

Bacteroides

Actinomyces

Intracellular Bugs

Obligate Intracellular

"Stay inside when it's Really Cold"

Facultative Intracellular

"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY"

Obligate Intracellular

Rickettsia

Chlamydia

Facultative Intracellular

Salmonella

Neisseria

Brucella

Mycobacterium

Listeria 

Francisella

Legionella

Yersinia pestis

Catalase-Positive Organisms

you need SSPACE for a CATapult

S. aureus

Serratia

Pseudomonas

Actinomyces

Candida

E. coli

ShigA-like toxin

Botulinum toxin (certain strains)

Cholera toxin

Diphtheria toxin

Erythrogenic toxin of streptococcus pyogenes

ABCDE

ADP ribosylation

Beta-prophage

Corynebacterium

Diphtheria

Elongation Factor 2

Granules

What are the Spore-Forming Gram-Positive bacteria found in Soil?

What are some other spore formers?

Gram + found in soil

Bacillus anthracis

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium tetani

Other Spore formers:

Bacillus cereus

Clostridium botulinum

Cosiella brunetii

What toxins do each of the Clostridia species produce and what does it cause?

C. tetani

C. botulinum

C. perfringens

C. difficile

C. tetani

tetanospasmin → tetanus

C. botulinum

preformed, heat labile toxin → inhibits ACh release at the neuromuscular jnx

C. perfringens

α-toxin → myonecrosis (gas gangrene) and hemolysis

C. difficile

Toxin A (enterotoxin)→ binds brush border of gut

Toxin B (cytotoxin) → destroys cytoskeletal structure of enterocytes

What agar do Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria grow pink colonies on?

What are these bacteria?

MacConkey's Agar

Citrobacter

Klebsiella

E. coli

Enterobacter

Serratia

Test with MacConKEE'S agar

What Bug requires Factor V and X?

What type of vaccine prevents it?

Haemophilus influenzae

Vaccine contains type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein.

What infections cause Palm and sole rashes?

Coxsackievirus A

(hand, foot, and mouth disease)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Syphilis

You drive CARS using your palms and soles

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Symptoms:

insidious onset, headache, nonproductive cough, diffuse interstitial infiltrate

High titer or cold agglutinins (IgM)

Treatment:

Tetracyclin or Erythromycin

What pneumonia causing organism is associated with the following:

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

Macrophages filled with organism

Bird or Bat droppings

Histoplasmosis

Treatment:

Fluconazole or Ketoconazole

Amphotericin B (systemic infections)

Histo Hides (within macrophages)

What pneumonia causing organism is associated with the following:

East of Mississippi River

Causes Inflammatory Lung disease

Can disseminate to Skin and Bone

Forms granulomatous nodules

Broad-base Budding

Blastomycosis

Treatment:

Fluconazole or Ketoconazole

Amphotericin B (systemic)

Blasto Buds (Broadly)

What pneumonia causing bug is associated with the following:

Southwestern US and California

Spherule filled with endospores

Can disseminate to bone and skin

Coccidioidomycosis

Treatment:

Fluconazole or Ketoconazole

Amphotericin B (systemic)

Coccidio Crowds

What pneumonia causing bug is associated with the following:

Latin America

Budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation

Paracoccidioidomycosis

Treatment:

Fluconazole or Ketoconazole

Amphotericin B (systemic)

Paracoccidio Parasails with the captain's wheel all the way to Latin America

What bug is associated with the following:

Pseudohyphae and budding yeast at 20ºC

Germ Tubes at 37ºC

Oral and Esophageal Thrush in immunocompromised

Candida albicans

Treatment:

Topical azole for vaginal

fluconazole or caspofungin for oral/esophageal

Amphotericin B, Fulconazole or Caspofungin for Systemic

What Bug is associated with the following:

Septate hyphae that branch at acute angles

in immunocompromised and those with chronic granulomatous disease

Especially in the Lungs

Aspergillus fumigatus

Think "A" for Acute Angles in Aspergillus

What Bug is associated with:

Wide capsular halos and unequal budding in India Ink Stain

Found in soil, pigeon droppings

"Soap Bubble" lesions in brain

Cryptococcus neoformans

What Bug is associated with:

Ketoacidotic diabetic and Leukemic patients

Penetrate Cribiform Plate → Brain

Nonseptate hyphae branching at wide angles

What Bugs are associated with the following:

Brain Cysts, Seizures

Liver Cysts

B12 Deficiency

Brain Cysts, Seizures

Taenia solium (cysticercosis)

Liver Cysts

Echinococcus granulosus

B12 Deficiency

Diphyllobothrium latum

What Bugs are associated with the following:

Biliary Tract Disease, cholangiocarcinoma

Hemoptysis

Portal hypertension

Biliary Tract Disease, cholangiocarcinoma

Clonorchis sinensis

Hemoptysis

Paragonimus westermani

Portal hypertension

Schistosoma mansoni

What Bugs are associated with:

Hematuria, bladder cancer

Microcytic anemia

Perianal pruritus

Hematuria, bladder cancer

Schistosoma haematobium

Microcytic anemia

Ancylostoma, Necator

Perianal pruritus

Enterobius

Small pox

Yellow fever

Chickenpox (VZV)

Sabin's Polio virus

MMR

Induce Humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare occasions

"Live! See small yellow chickens get vaccinated with Sabin's and MMR!"

What are the Killed/inactivated vaccines?

Rabies

Influenza

Salk Polio

HAV

Induce only humoral immunity but are stable

SalK = Killed

RIP Always

HBV

HPV

Retrovirus

Togavirus

Flavivirus

Coronavirus

Hepevirus

Calicivirus

Picornavirus

All are ssRNA 

except: Reovirus - dsRNA

"I went to a RETRO(retrovirus) TOGA(togavirus) party, where I drank FLAVored(flavivirus) CORONA(coronavirus) and ate HIPPY(hepevirus) CALIfornia(calicivirus) PICkles(picornavirus)"

RNA:

Calicivirus

Picornavirus

Reovirus

DNA:

Parvovirus

Adenovirus

Papilloma

Polyoma

Naked CPR and PAPP smears

What Family and Structure are each of the Hepatitis viruses?

HBV

HAV

HCV

HEV

HDV

HBV

dsDNA

Hepadnavirus

HAV

ssRNA

Picornaviruses

HCV

ssRNA

Flavivirus

HEV

ssRNA

Hepevirus

HDV

ssRNA

Deltavirus

Tzanck Test

Used to Assay:

HSV-1

HSV-2

VZV

Smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells

Infected cells also have intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions