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BMZ 116
exam 1
337
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2009

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Term
What breaks covalent bonds?
Definition
heat
Term
How do ionic bonds form
Definition
by gain or loss of electrons
Term
reactions occur with the help of
Definition
enzymes or catalysts
Term
loss of electrons=
Definition
positive charge
Term
gain electrons=
Definition
negative charge
Term
hydrogen bonds form with...
Definition
O, N, H
Term
H-bonds form between...
Definition
water and DNA
Term
water makes up __% of all living organisms by weight
Definition
70
Term
polymers are made by...
Definition
extracting water
Term
polymers broken by...
Definition
adding water
Term
as temp increases, rate at which H-bonds break...
Definition
increases and molecules escape into gaseous form
Term
why is ice less dense than water?
Definition
the molecules are un an open arrangement
Term
macromolecules are...
Definition
large complex compounds (organic)
Term
Friedrich Wohler studied...
Definition
urea, disproved vitalism
Term
carbon bonds are long or short?
Definition
short but strong
Term
carbon most commonly forms with...
Definition
C, N, S, O
Term
C-H is polar/nonpolar, soluble/not very soluble?
Definition
nonpolar, poorly soluble in water
Term
organic molecules and macromolecules contain
Definition
functional groups
Term
functional groups
Definition
groups of atoms with special characteristics; same properties in all molecules its in
Term
types of macromolecules
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Term
macromolecules are made of
Definition
polymers
Term
carbohydrates are
Definition
carbon containing compounds that are hydrated... made of C, H, & O
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
"simple sugar" very soluble, common energy source. 5 or 6 carbons. can be ring or linear
Term
pentose
Definition
ribose, deoxyribose, monosaccharide
Term
hexose
Definition
glucose, monosaccharide
Term
glucose
Definition
very water soluble; transported in blood and fluids (plasma membrane). broken down by enzymes. engergy released= ATP
Term
ATP
Definition
provides for many cellular processes
Term
disaccharide
Definition
2 monosaccharides, sugars, table sugars
Term
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Definition
disaccharide
Term
monosaccharides link together by
Definition
removal of hydroxyl group, H atom from the other, increase in molecule of water (dehydration)
Term
how do you make a monosaccharide from a disaccharide?
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
long polymers, energy storage, structure
Term
starch, glycogen
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
cellulose
Definition
most common organic compound. helps with cell wall
Term
lipids... nonpolar/polar, soluble/nonsoluble, etc
Definition
nonpolar, very insoluble. energy storage (fats), membrane structure-phospholipids. hormones-steroids. made of hydrogen and carbon atoms
Term
triglycerides
Definition
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Term
fatty acids
Definition
release H+
Term
-COOH -> -COO-
Definition
dehydration -> ester bond
Term
saturated fats
Definition
all carbons linked by single covalent bonds. high melting points. solid @ room temp
Term
unsaturated fats
Definition
multiple C=C bonds, oils
Term
phospholipids
Definition
phosphate group, crucial for membrane structure. glycerol, 2 FA, phosphate head. polar head is hydrophyllic
Term
steroids
Definition
4 fused rings, signaling molecules, turn genes on (estrogen, testosterone), cholesterol
Term
steroids + hydroxyl group =
Definition
sterols
Term
proteins
Definition
C, H, O, N. S in some essential amino acids. 20 AA building blocks
Term
50% of organic material
Definition
proteins
Term
body knows how to put AA together with...
Definition
DNA
Term
5 factors promoting protein folding and stability
Definition
H-bonds, Ionic bonds, Hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, Disulfide bridges
Term
H-bonds (protein stability)
Definition
strong force -> more folding
Term
ionic bonds (protein stability)
Definition
positive and negative sides bind and fold
Term
hydrophobic effects
Definition
avoids water, center of protein
Term
Van der Waals forces
Definition
atoms with weak attraction at optimal distance
Term
disulfide bridges
Definition
2 Sulfur interact to hold together
Term
shape of protein
Definition
3D
Term
AA joined by...
Definition
dehydration to form proteins
Term
peptide
Definition
covalent bond b/w carboxyl & amino
Term
primary structure
Definition
order of AAs... sequence. straight line
Term
secondary structure
Definition
repeating pattern determined by chemical and physical property of AAs. More compact/folded. flexible.
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
3D shape, protein folds back and forth on itself again, proteins from long distances can interact
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
interaction of multiple polypeptides.
Term
nucleotide
Definition
phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, rings of carbon, base (N atoms)
Term
RNA
Definition
decodes/expresses genetic info, determines form, makes protein, single strand
Term
purines
Definition
adenine, guanine
Term
pyrimidines
Definition
cytosine, thymine/uracil
Term
20 % of bases
Definition
adenine/thymine
Term
30 % of bases
Definition
cytosine, guanine
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
small, single cells with no membrane enclosed nucleus
bacteria, archaea
Term
archaea
Definition
less common than bacteria. in deep sea, hot springs
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
larger, compartmentalization
Term
compartmentalization
Definition
(organelles separate-chemical rxns in different parts)
Term
Eukarya
Definition
protists, fungi, plants, animals
Term
protists
Definition
algae
Term
fungi
Definition
mold
Term
genome
Definition
complement of genetic material
Term
all cells have
Definition
cell membrane, cytoplasm/cytosol, ribosomes, DNA-based genome, need ATP for energy
Term
prokaryotes (more on)
Definition
no nucleus, no mitochondria or chloroplasts, no endo membrane system. has organelles.
Term
ribosomes are responsible for
Definition
polypeptide synthesis
Term
nuceoids store
Definition
genetic info, DNA
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
barrier-double layer of phospholipids and proteins
Term
cell wall of prokaryotes
Definition
porous, doesnt prevent nutrients from getting in
Term
flagella
Definition
helps motility/swimming
Term
pili
Definition
attaches to surface and others
Term
glycolyx
Definition
traps water from getting out
Term
capsule
Definition
glycolyx-protects from immune systems
Term
FtsZ
Definition
tubulin. cell division. ring constricts -> 2 cells
Term
MreB
Definition
actin. polarity-spiral. cellular components distributed. filaments form. muscle fibers.
Term
CreS
Definition
int. filament. shape.
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
double membrane
Term
lysosome
Definition
Term
lysosome
Definition
degradation of macromolecules
Term
plasma membrane (eukaryotic)
Definition
movement of substances in and out;signals
Term
cytosol
Definition
metabolic; peptide synthesis
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
sorts, secretes lipids and proteins
Term
peroxisome
Definition
breakdown of harmful chemicals
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
shape/movement
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
ATP synthesis
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
detoxification/lipid synthesis
Term
Rough ER
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
centrosome
Definition
microtubules grow, centrioles found
Term
nuclear pore
Definition
passageway for molecules
Term
nucleus
Definition
organization/expression of genes
Term
chromatin
Definition
protein/DNA
Term
nucleolus
Definition
ribosome assembly
Term
central vacuole
Definition
storage/regulation of cell volume
Term
plant cells have ______ and ______. animal cells do not
Definition
chloroplasts, cell walls
Term
genomes
Definition
all types of genetic material. similar in cells.
Term
proteomes
Definition
amts of proteins made in a paricular cell @ a particular time under particular conditions. forms different structures.
Term
gene to express protein must be _____.
Definition
on
Term
translation
Definition
synthesis of protein's info w/i a gene is translated into sequence of AA in a polypeptide
Term
translation requires _____, ______, and _____.
Definition
1 ribosome, mRNA, tRNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
provides info to make polypeptide
Term
tRNA
Definition
carries AAs
Term
protein production: For prokaryotes, the events are in the ______ area; for eukaryotes they are ______(multiple words).
Definition
same, separated by membrane
Term
many _______ have jobs in membranes
Definition
proteins
Term
________ carry proteins thoughout the endomembranes.
Definition
vesicles
Term
________ proteins attach to other cells
Definition
membrane
Term
membrane proteins let _______ in, get ______ out. allow _________ between cells and help with the __________ of cells.
Definition
nutrients, wastes, signaling, movement
Term
membrane
Definition
Term
all membranes have a _______ ________ with _________ embedded
Definition
lipid bilayer; proteins
Term
semifluid
Definition
fluid layers, can move around but dont flip flop
Term
phospholipid movement
Definition
flip with energy, move laterally regularly
Term
Fluidity of membrane depends on length of ______ and degree of _______.
Definition
Fatty Acids, saturation
Term
The more unsaturated, the more _____.
Definition
fluid
Term
Membrane barrier is very ______ on passing molecules.
Definition
selective.
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
solute concentration is higher outside the cell (cell shrinks)
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
solute concentration is lower outside the cell. (cell swells)
Term
isotonic
Definition
solute concentration is equal inside and out.
Term
a plant is wilting because _____ has left the cell and vacuole, there is a lack of ________ _________.
Definition
water, water pressure
Term
diffusion is going from ______ to _______ concentration.
Definition
high, low.
Term
cells maintain ________ across membranes. some are __________ and some are ___________.
Definition
gradients, passive, facilitated
Term
channels are either _____ or _____. it depends on if it has _______. conferred by change to _________ of protein.
Definition
open, closed; enough; 3D shape
Term
active transport
Definition
movement of molecules against gradient. requires energy!
Term
homeostasis is the most important concept in ___________.
Definition
physiology
Term
homeostasis
Definition
steady state; balance
Term
any homostatic control system has three functional components:
Definition
receptor, control center, effector
Term
receptor
Definition
detects a change in the internal environment (ie temperature)
Term
control center
Definition
processes info from receptor and directs an appropriate reponse by effector
Term
the molecular shape determines how biological molecules will _________ and __________ to one another.
Definition
recognize;respond
Term
endorphin and morphine are similar in that they are:
Definition
both addictive, identical shape. get one to "feel good"
Term
Two anagostic hormones ___________ and __________ play role in _________ in mammals.
Definition
PTH, calcitonin; homeostasis
Term
Body temp kept constant with the cooperation of
Definition
several negative-feedback circuits that regulate energy exchange with the environment
Term
heat released from body by:
Definition
blood vessels dialating, sweating
Term
head conserved by:
Definition
blood vessels constricting, no sweating
Term
common method of metabolic control, ________ ________ in which a metabolic pathway is turned off by its end product.
Definition
feedback inhibition/product feedback
Term
the end product acts as an _______ of an enzyme in the pathway.
Definition
inhibitor
Term
when the product is abundant, the product turns ___.
Definition
off
Term
positive-feedback system
Definition
change in monitored variable triggers for a continuous change (contractions constant) whatever produced, creates more of it
Term
negative-feedback system
Definition
whatever you produce, creates less of it.
Term
the same hormone may have different effects on cells that have different ______, ___________ ___________ ________, or _________
Definition
receptors, signal transduction pathways, proteins
Term
receptors do not recognize in certain places like _____.
Definition
toes
Term
when nervous, your body....
Definition
has constricted blood vessles, stimulates glucose release from the liver (ATP for energy), inhibits production of saliva (dry mouth), speeds up hear rate, etc.
Term
direct intercellular signaling
Definition
cell junctions allow signaling molecule to pass from one cell to another
Term
contact-dependent signaling
Definition
some molecules are bound to the surface of cells and serve as signals to cell coming in contact
Term
autocrine signaling
Definition
cells secrete signaling molecules that bind to their own cell surface or neighboring cells of the same type
Term
paracrine signaling
Definition
signal does not affect cell secreting the signal but does influence cells in close proximity (synaptic signaling)
Term
endocrine signaling
Definition
signals (hormones) travel long distances are usually longer lasting
Term
estrogen passes through _____ and binds to _________ in nucleus.
Definition
membrane, receptor
Term
__________ ________, __________ _________, and some local __________ enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors.
Definition
steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, regulators (all transcription factors)
Term
the receptors for most water-solulable hormones are embedded in the .....
Definition
plasma membrane, projecting outward from the cell surface.
Term
signaling by water-soluble molecules involves 3 events:
Definition
reception, signal transduction, response
Term
binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a ______ _______ pathway leading to specific responses in the cytoplasm or a change in ________ _____________.
Definition
signal transduction, gene expression
Term
signal-transduction pathways
Definition
allow for small amounts of a hormone to have a large effect
Term
receptor activation
Definition
signaling molecule binds to receptor
Term
signal transduction
Definition
activated receptor stimulates a sequence of changes-signal transduction pathway
Term
cellular response
Definition
alters activity of 1 or more enzyme, alters structural protein function, changes gene expression
Term
ligand
Definition
signaling molecule; binds noncovalently to receptor; binding and release b/w receptor & ligand relatively rapid; alter receptor structure
Term
enzyme-linked receptors
Definition
found in all living species; extracellualr domain binds signal - > causes intracellular domain to become functional catalyst; most are protein kinases
Term
protein kinase
Definition
a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)
Term
G proteins
Definition
guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. "molecular switches"(alternate b/w inactive and active guanosine diphosphate -> triphosphate), second messenger cascades,
Term
G-protein coupled receptors
Definition
in eukaryotes, protein contains 7 transmembrane segments, activated receptor binds to G protein, releases GDP and binds GTP instead; GTP causes G protein to dissociate
Term
Ligand-gated ion channels
Definition
plant/animal cells, channels open, ions flow through. (animals-signals b/w nerve and muscle cells)
Term
second messengers
Definition
signal transduction pathways lead to second messengers (ie Ca2+)
Term
signal transduction (Ca2+)
Definition
cells maintain a large Ca2+ gradient, 2 types of Ca pumps, when channels open, influx of Ca2+ acts like messenger
Term
plants (signal transduction)
Definition
phototrophism, opening and closing of stomata, gravitropism
Term
animals (signal transduction)
Definition
nerve transmission, muscle contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes
Term
multicellularity
Definition
one organism composed of more than one cell; add'l proteins for cell communication, arrangement and attachment of cells, cell specialization
Term
larger genomes=
Definition
larger proteomes
Term
extracellular matrix
Definition
exports from outside of cell; network of material secreted form cells forming a meshwork outside of cells
Term
major component of certain parts of plants and animals
Definition
extracellular matrix
w/ bones and cartilidge, woody parts of plants "glue together"
Term
macromolecules of ECM are
Definition
proteins and polysaccharides
Term
proteins of ECM form...
Definition
large fibers
Term
polysaccharides of ECM give a
Definition
gel-like character
Term
The macromolecules of ECM play important roles such as _________, ____________ ___________, ___________, and ______ ____________.
Definition
strength, structural support, organization, and cell signaling.
Term
plant cell walls have protective ______ outside the plasma membrane and is stronger thicker and more rigid than animal _____.
Definition
ECM, ECM
Term
primary cell wall
Definition
develops b/w newly made cells;flexible and can increase in size; composed of mainly cellulose
Term
secondary cell wall
Definition
layers of cellulose and other components; more variable structure than primary
Term
cell junctions in animal cells
Definition
adhere cells to each other and the ECM; animals are more caried; plants are diff b/c of rigid cell wall
Term
tight junctions aka occluding junctions
Definition
forms tight seal b/w adjacent cells, prevents leaking from ECM... bind to each other to form seal b/w adjacent cells
Term
gap junctions
Definition
gap b/w plasma membranes; connexon formed with 6 connexin proteins to another 6.
Term
connexon
Definition
allows passage of ions and small molecules, allows adjacent cell to share metabolities and directly signal each other
Term
middle lamella
Definition
plants dont form cell-to-cell connections; add'l component of ECM; 1st layer to form when cell divides; cell walls of adjacent cells together; rich on pectins (make fruit less firm)
Term
plasmodesmata
Definition
similar to gap junctions; allows passage of ions, water, signaling molecules b/w cells; open channels w/ cell membranes continuous
Term
decision to divide
Definition
environmental conditions primarily influence unicellular; multicellular rely on signaling molecules
Term
What promotes cell division in plants?
Definition
Cytokinins
Term
what factors stimulate animal cells to grow?
Definition
growth
Term
when cell is divided ____ is the same but the cells aren't _______.
Definition
DNA, identical
Term
G1 (cell cycle)
Definition
1st gap; cell growth, nucleotide synthesis
Term
S (cell cycle)
Definition
synthesis of DNA
Term
G2 (cell cycle)
Definition
2nd gap
Term
M (cell cycle)
Definition
mitosis and cytokinesis
Term
G0 (cell cycle)
Definition
substitute for G1 for cells not dividing
Term
During _____, cell begins process of division, accumulates molecular changes, passes restriction point where cell enters S phase
Definition
G1
Term
Chromosomes replicate during ____, forming sister chromatids.
Definition
S phase
Term
During ____, cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis.
Definition
G2
Term
During ____, cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis.
Definition
G2
Term
M phase
Definition
one cell nucleus divides into 2
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm
Term
Interphase
Definition
G1-M; chromatin duplicated
Term
Prophase
Definition
mitotic spindle; 2 sister chromatids
Term
Prometaphase
Definition
spinde pole; kinetechores microtubules
Term
kinetechores regulate ______ movement.
Definition
chromatid
Term
Metaphase
Definition
all spindle
Term
Anaphase
Definition
daughter chromosomes (begin separation)
Term
Telophase
Definition
nucleus reforming; returns to normal;
Term
Cytokinesis is _____ for animal; _____ _____ _______ for plants.
Definition
cleavage; cell plate formation
Term
Mitosis results in 2 ________ nuclei
Definition
identical
Term
cytokinesis results in 2 _______ cells
Definition
similar
Term
replication is ____ preceeeded by DNA synthesis
Definition
always
Term
once chromatids separate, they are
Definition
chromosomes
Term
movement is accomplished by _____ of microtubules at the kinetechore.
Definition
depolymerization
Term
metabolism
Definition
changing, moving; the totality of an organism's (bio)chemical reactions
Term
metabolic pathways
Definition
chemical rxns in a series of steps; energy is fundamental
Starting molecule-(enzyme 1,rxn 1)>......product
Term
enzymes direct ______ _______ _______.
Definition
metabolic control points
Term
catabolic
Definition
releasing energy; breaking down molecules
Term
anabolic
Definition
consume energy; build molecules
Term
energy
Definition
the ability to promote change
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
potential energy
Definition
energy possessed
Term
the central ability of organisms is the ability to _____ energy.
Definition
transform
Term
cellular respiration and catabolic pathways...
Definition
unleash stored energy for cellular work
Term
1st law of thermodynamics
Definition
law of conservation of energy; E cannot be created/destroyed
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
transfer of energy from one form to another increases entropy (degree of disorder)
Term
The _______ of energy is contant; the _______ is not.
Definition
quantity, quality
Term
free energy
Definition
G; energy that can perform work when temp is uniform
Term
H= _____ energy
Definition
total
Term
S= _______
Definition
entropy
Term
T= absolute ___________ in Kelvin units
Definition
temperature
Term
not all the energy is availiable because of the _________ ____________.
Definition
entropy component
Term
inc in temp amplifies _________.
Definition
entropy
Term
when there is work, _____ ________ is lost.
Definition
free energy
Term
exergonic rxn
Definition
release of free energy; spontaneous; going to the gym->tired afterwards
Term
endergonic rxn
Definition
requires addition of free energy (storage); non-spontaneous. before eating -> after
Term
mechanical ATP
Definition
ie. motor proteins
Term
transport ATP
Definition
ie. active transport
Term
chemical ATP
Definition
ie. reactants -> products
Term
ATP is a ________ source. Some _____ use ATP as a source of energy.
Definition
renewable, proteins
Term
enzymes
Definition
protein catalysts
Term
catalysts work with lower _________ energy
Definition
activation
Term
activation energy
Definition
the initial input of E to start rxn; allows molecules to get close enough to cause bond rearrangement; bonds are stretched
Term
enzymes need helpers/activators like:
Definition
Cofactors/coenzymes/modification of enzyme activity
Term
cofactor
Definition
inorganic ion that temporarily binds to enzyme
Term
coenzyme
Definition
organic molecule that participates in reaction but left unchanged
Term
enzymes are affected by ________
Definition
environment; temperature; pH
Term
Gene expression regulation:
Definition
amount of enzyme
Term
cellular regulation
Definition
cell-signaling pathways (hormones)
Term
the _________ of enzymes w/i a cell helps order metabolism and inc efficiency
Definition
localization
Term
Competitive biochemical regulation
Definition
inhibitors:compete for access to active site
Term
non-competitive biochemical regulation
Definition
inhibitors:bind outside the active site
Term
allosteric regulation
Definition
binding causes conformational chg in enzyme active site inhibiting enzyme func
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
product of pathway inhibits early steps to prevent overaccumulation of product
Term
to perform tasks, cells require _________ of energy from outside sources
Definition
transfusion
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules; catabolic
Term
Where is energy stored in organic compounds?
Definition
electrons of covalent bonds
Term
organic compounds + O2->
Definition
CO2+H2O+energy
Term
oxidation
Definition
extracting electrons from organic molecules
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
strip off energy
Term
reduction of O2
Definition
give them to oxygen; addition of electrons
Term
chemical process of respiration: 3 things
Definition
oxidation, electron transport chain, reduction of O2
Term
redox
Definition
electron removed from 1 molecule and added to another
Term
electrons removed by oxidation are used to create energy intermediates like ______
Definition
NADH
Term
NAD+ is...
Definition
an electron carrier
Term
NADH when loaded with electrons is....
Definition
oxidized to make ATP, can donate electrons
Term
NAD has _ double bonds
Definition
3
Term
NADH has _ double bonds
Definition
2
Term
4 metabolic pathways/stages
Definition
1.Glycolysis
2.Pyruvate breakdown
3.Citric acid cycle
4.oxidative phosphorylation
Term
glycolysis
Definition
harvests energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
-"splitting of sugar"
-occurs in cytoplasm
Term
phases of glycolysis
Definition
1.investment
2.cleavage
3.pay off
Term
transfer if phosphate group from an organic molecule to ADP, forming ATP
Definition
phosphorylation (occurs in glycolysis&citric acid cycle
Term
In the presence of CO2, _____ is transported into mitochondria
Definition
pyruvate
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
3/4 glucose eneergy still in 2 molecules of CoA; acetyl enter cycle complete the oxidation to CO2 in mitochondria. loaded electron carriers produced
Term
metabolic cycle
Definition
some molecules enter, some leave; regeneration, replenished by enzymes
Term
oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
ATP formed as a result of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 by a series of elecrton carriers
Term
NADH and FADH2 donate _______ to the electron transport chain, which powers ______ synthesis
Definition
electrons. ATP
Term
during oxidative phosphorylation, ________ couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
Definition
chemiosmosis
Term
proton-motive force
Definition
movement of e- generates H+ electrochemical gradient (pH, membrane potential)
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
enzyme-harnesses free energy as H+ flow thru membrane embedded region; rotary machine that makes ATP as it spins
Term
energy conversion
Definition
proton motive force converted to chemical bond energyg in ATP
Term
ATP is synthesized by being turned ____degrees and _ turns/cycle
Definition
120, 3
Term
ATP synthase turns __________.
Definition
clockwise
Term
during cellular respiration, only _____ is outside the mitochondria
Definition
glucose
Term
the rate of catabolism is regulated by....
Definition
the level of ATP
Term
control of catabolism
Definition
regulating activity of enzymes at strategoc points in the catabolic pathway
Term
fermentation
Definition
enables some cells to produce ATP w/o the help of oxygen
Term
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate
Term
primary metabolism
Definition
essential for cell structure/function
Term
secondary metabolism
Definition
synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not essential for cell structure/growth.
Term
what are primary metabolisms?
Definition
lipid degradation, protein synthesis, RNA transcription, photosynthesis
Term
4 categories of 2nd metabolism
Definition
penolics(antioxidants), alkaloids(defense:caffiene, nicotine), terpenoids(intense odors), and polyketides(chemical weapons)
Term
autotrophs
Definition
produce organic molecules from CO2 or other inorganic materials.
Term
heterotrophs
Definition
live on organic compounds produced by other organisms. (consumers)
Term
photoautotrophs
Definition
use light as energy source (plants)
Term
chemoautotrophs
Definition
harvest energy from oxidizing inorganic substances (ammonia), get carbon from CO2
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
converts light energy to chemical energy
Term
Where are chloroplasts?
Definition
green part of plants, mainly in leaves
Term
why is it green?
Definition
chlorophyll pigment
Term
photons->chemical energy
Definition
light rxn
Term
chemical energy -> store in organic compounds
Definition
dark rxn (calvin cycle)
Term
what is light?
Definition
electromagnetic energy, travels in photons in rhythmic waves,measured by waverlength
Term
action spectrum
Definition
Rate of photosynthesis by whole plant at specific wavelengths
Term
absorption spectrum
Definition
Wavelengths that are absorbed by different pigments in the plant
Term
excited electron is _____ from nucleus
Definition
farther
Term
photons are absorbed by
Definition
pigment molecules in the thykaloid membranes
Term
photosystem 1
Definition
reaction center chlorophyll has an absorption peak at 700nm
Term
photosystem 2
Definition
has a reaction center with a peak at 680nm.
Term
photosystem 2 directly...
Definition
absorbs photons. energy is transferred via resonacne energy transfer. reaction center unstable, transferred to primary electron acceptor, removes electrons from water to replace oxidized P680.
Term
oxidation of water yields...
Definition
oxygen gas
Term
Photosystem 1: light harvesting complex transfers energy to a ________ ________.
Definition
rxn center
Term
PS1: rxn center with _____ and transferred to a primary electron acceptor.
Definition
P700
Term
the cyclic electron flow produces _____ and _____ in roughly equal quantities
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
the calvin cycle consumes more _____ than _____.
Definition
ATP, NADPH
Term
cyclic electron flow
Definition
generates enough surplus ATP
Term
calvin cycle
Definition
biochemical process that used ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
Term
the calvin cycle ________ its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle
Definition
regenerate
Term
____ enters the cycle and leaves as _____
Definition
CO2, sugar
Term
the cycle spends the energy of ____ and the reducing power or electrons carried by _____ to make the sugar
Definition
ATP, NADPH
Term
the calvin cycle occurs in the _____ of choloroplasts
Definition
stroma
Term
phases of Calvin cycle
Definition
1.carbon fixation
2.reduction
3.RuBP(CO2 acceptor) regeneration
Term
problem of rubisco
Definition
oxygenase activity
Term
photorespiration
Definition
when rubisco adds O2 to RuBP, RuBP splits into a 3 carbon piece and a 2 carbon piece; decreases photosynthetic output by siphoning organic material from the calvin cycle
Term
C3 plants
Definition
initial fixation of CO2 occurs via rubisco and results in a 3C compound, 3-phosphoglycerate (rice, wheat)
Term
C4 plants
Definition
fix CO2 1st in a 4 carbon compound; mimimizes photorespiration
Term
CAM plants
Definition
open stomata during night, close during day. minimize photorespiration (cacti). fix CO2 into organic acids during night, durning day, CO2 is released
Term
membrane infolding
Definition
increases surface area
Term
photoautotrophs
Definition
get energy from light, get carbon from CO2
Term
chemoheterotrophs
Definition
get energy from organic chemicals, get carbon from organic chemicals made by other organisms
Term
photoheterotrophs
Definition
get energy from light, get carbon form organic chemicals made by other organisms
Term
obligate aerobe
microaerophile
facultive aerobe
aerotolerant anaerobe
obligate anaerobe
Definition
1. must have O2
2. need O2 and CO2
3. can grow w/ or w/o O2
4. can grow in O2 but dont use it
5. killed by O2
Term
enzymes required for N fixation are found only in _____
Definition
prokaryotes (plant roots, water, soil)
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