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| what is only fluid tissue in human body? |
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| what type of tissue is blood |
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(1) living cells (formed elements) and (2) non-living matrix (plasma)
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percentage of erythrocytes (in total blood volume)--usually about 45 percent
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oxygen rich is scarlet red and oxygen poor is dull red
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| blood plasma is 90 percent… |
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| dissolved substances in blood plasma (6) |
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"nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products"
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"(most abundant solute in plasma) albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies"
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regulates osmotic pressure (keeps water in bloodstream)
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help stem blood loss when blood vessel is injured
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help protect body from antigens
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"erythrocytes (no nucleus); leukocytes, platelets (cell fragments)"
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"biconcave disks; essentially bags of hemoglobin, no nucleus, contain very few organelles"
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iron-containing protein that transports most of oxygen in blood (without having to use it)
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crucial in body's defense against disease
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abnormally low leukocyte level
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Definition
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"neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes"
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"granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)"
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multilobed nucleus with fine granules; act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
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large brick-ret cytoplasmic granules; found in response to allergies and parasitic worms
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have histamine-containing granules; initiate inflammation
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large nucleus; plays important role in immune response
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largest of WBCs; function as macrophages (fighting invaders); important in fighting chronic infection
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derived from ruptured multinucleate cells; needed for clotting process
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blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow
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Term
| all blood cells are derived from a… |
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Definition
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hemocytoblast (all blood cells derived from common stem cell)
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| heocytoblasts from 2 types of descendants |
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lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes; myeloid stem cell produces other formed elements
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Term
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Definition
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"(1) unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins; (2) wear out in 100-120 days; (3) when worn out, are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver; (4) lost cells replaced by division of hemocytoblasts"
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clotting; stopping of blood flow (result of break in blood vessel)
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| rate or RBC production controlled by what hormone? |
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| what produces most erythorpoietin and why? |
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kidneys--as response to reduced O2 levels in blood
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(1) platelet plug formation; (2) vascular spasms; (3) coagulation
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"collagen fibers exposed by break in blood, and platelets become ""sticky"" and cling to fibers, piling up to form platelet plug"
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"platelets (in platelet plug) release serotonin which causes blood vessel muscles to spasm, narrowing the blood vessel and decreasing loss of blood"
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"(1) injured tissues release thromboplastin; (2) PF3 interacts with thromboplastin, other blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to form an activator that triggers the clotting cascade; (3) prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme); (4) thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin; (5) fibrin forms meshwork, which is basis for clot"
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(1) thrombus--clot in unbroken blood vessel that can be deadlyi n areas like heart; (2) embolus--thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in bloodstream and can later clog vessels in areas such as brain
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hereditary; normal clotting factors missing
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| ABO blood group determined how? |
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based on presence or absence of two antigens--Type A and Type B; lack of these antigens is type O
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Term
| Rh blood groups determined how? |
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Definition
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named because of presence or absence of one of 8 Rh antigens (most Americans are Rh+)
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Term
| sites of fetal blood cell formation |
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Definition
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fetal liver and spleen; bone marrow takes over hematopoiesis by 7th month
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