Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine (dopamine, NOR, EPI) synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Tyrosine hydroxylase whose activity is regulated by phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| Amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin) _______ dopamine re-uptake and promote release. |
|
Definition
| Block; by binding to DAT or VMAT on vesicles |
|
|
Term
| T or F, Dopamine neurons are located in the substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NOR neurons are located primarily in the ______ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin neurons are located in the ______ _________ along the midline of the brainstem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA is inhibitory in mature cells, what about young neurons? |
|
Definition
| Excitatory and the GABA receptor is the site of action for drugs of abuse |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate is an excitatory trans that provides for synaptic plasticity but also is the basis for _______ which provide a mechanism for neuronal death. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the brain is important for dopaminergic reward? |
|
Definition
| Nucleus accumbens and ventral striatum |
|
|
Term
| What two catechols are made forom dopa and what is serotonin derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physio response to chronic stress such as BP, HDL, waist-hip ratio, overnight urinary cortisol and EPI |
|
|
Term
| Which of these is true - stress induce cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-a, or it causes decreased neutrotropins and neuronal atrophy, or it inhibits telomerase and causes premature cellulare aging of telomeres. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which releases oxytocin to decrease stress levels in body flight or flight or tend and befriend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While major depressive disorder is primarily females when are the peaks in life? |
|
Definition
| 20/30s in both sexes, perimenopause, >65 |
|
|
Term
| Depressino must have impairment of life for greater than two weeks, what are two comorbidities common with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of person is likely to complete suicide? |
|
Definition
| Older, unmarried, white males |
|
|
Term
| Of the major mental illnesses what is the most highly heritable? |
|
Definition
| Bipolar which has an average onset of 18 and a high risk of recurrence despite therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between normal bipolar and mixed episodes? |
|
Definition
| Normal is 1 week mania and 2 weeks dression, mixed is both but only 1 week each |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to diagnose kids with bipolar NOS? |
|
Definition
| because symptoms dont always match DSM, Manic or hypomanic sx of insufficient duration(including very rapid cycling), Repeated hypomania without a depressive episode |
|
|
Term
| Is the rate of substance abuse higher in depression or bipolar 1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The brain volume under study for bipolar was amygdala, but what was found for patients who underwaent intensive therapy for mania and those on mood stabilizers with anti depressants? |
|
Definition
| Intensive therapy was better than control, mood stablizers with antidepressants were not significantly better than control. |
|
|
Term
| True or F, addiction is a disease of the young. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: 40-60% of addiction is genetic due to inherited metabolism, reinforcing effets, and responses to the environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of alcohol drinkers become dependent or abuse the substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the drinking limts for men and women? |
|
Definition
| Men is 2 per day, 14 per week; women is 1 per dya and 7 per week |
|
|
Term
| There is a strong prevalence of psychosis amongst frequent users of which drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the #1 and 2 drugs of abuse among 12th graders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All Addictive Drugs increase synaptic dopamine in the _________ ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following part sof the brain are implicated in binge/intoxication - dorsal striatum, ventral striatum, Globus pallildus, thalamus? |
|
Definition
| All - lesions to these areas can create anhedonia |
|
|
Term
| Clinically, to avoid abuse by IV administration the opioid antagonist naloxone, which has poor bioavailability via the sublingual route, is combined with Buprenorphine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F, opiod users or methadone treatead can become hyperalgesic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventral striaum and the amygdale are associated with withdrawal and negative affects of drug use, what are some molecular markers for brain adaptations after withdrawal? |
|
Definition
| Delta fosB, epigenetic changes G9a inhibition; as well as imaging changes in glucose levels and dendritic spines (meth) |
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the brain induce craving? |
|
Definition
| Hippo, prefrontal cortex, amygdala |
|
|
Term
| The more mindful a person is of them selfves the better the character traits of self-directedness, cooperation, and self-transcendance. What areas of the brain are activated in affect labeling tasks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: High in mindfulness: Significant negative correlation between each PFC area and the Right Amygdala. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meditation increases cortical thickening and attentional networks in the brain, what affect does it have on epigenetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
