Term
| 601. Name one of the founders of CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) who spoke these words: ‘‘There are three ways in which one can deal with an injustice. (a) One can accept it without protest. (b) One can seek to avoid it. (c) One can resist the injustice nonviolently. To accept it is to perpetuate it. To avoid it is impossible. To resist by intelligent means, and with an attitude of mutual responsibility and respect, is much the better course.’’ Name the black leader who said this. |
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| 602. John H. Johnson published the first copy of Negro Digest on November 1, 1942. It became the first successful black-owned successful general magazine. Out of this venture came the Johnson Publishing Company, now one of the largest black-owned businesses in the country. Name two magazines that this company publishes today. |
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| 603. This African American was one of the most successful stage actors on Broadway. On October 19, 1943, he starred in the title role of Othello, a production that ran for 296 performances and set the record for Shakespearean drama on Broadway. He is also known for the music and films he made and their emphasis on the central idea of being African or of African descent. He used elements of the black culture such as Negro spirituals, black folk songs, and black dialect as his �weapons� to help whites and blacks become sensitized to unjust treatment against African Americans. Name this famous African American film star and civil rights leader. |
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| 604. The United Negro College Fund was founded to help raise dollars for all-black colleges and universities. It raised $760,000 in its first year to support these educational institutions. It was founded by then president of Tuskegee Institute. Name him. |
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Definition
| Frederick Douglass Patterson |
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Term
| 605. In 1944, a black woman brought suit after being arrested and fined $10 for refusing to move to the back of a bus. This woman refused to give up her seat in a crowded Greyhound bus to a white couple. The bus driver drove the to the nearest jail in Saluda, Virginia where this 27-year old mother of two was arrested. She resisted arrest and was dragged off the bus and jailed. She pleaded guilty to resisting arrest, but not to violating Virginia�s segregation law and was find $10. Two NAACP lawyers, Thurgood Marshall and William H. Hastie, appealed her conviction all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 3, 1946, the Supreme Court ruled 6-1 to prohibit segregation in interstate travel. This case was 11 years before Rosa Parks� arrest in Montgomery, Alabama. Name the woman involved and the US. Supreme Court Case. |
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Definition
| Irene M. Morgan (later Irene M. Kirkaldy); Morgan vs. Commonwealth of Virginia |
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Term
| 606. Jackie Robinson broke the color line in modern major league baseball when he signed to play for the Montreal Royals, a Brooklyn Dodgers Triple A affiliate team in the International League in 1945. Before that, he played for a team of the National Negro Baseball League. Name this Negro League team. |
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| 607. This group of black soldiers served in the U.S. Army Air Force. During their period of active service, they amassed one of the most impressive records of any airmen--150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, one Legion of Merit, one Silver Star, fourteen Bronze Stars, and 744 Air Medals. They flew over 15,500 sorties and 1,578 completed missions and destroyed 409 enemy aircraft. During the 200 mission in which they escorted heavy bombers deep into Germany�s Rhineland, not one of the �heavies� was lost to enemy fighter opposition. Name the group. |
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| 608. In 1946, this baseball pitcher for the Kansas City Monarchs threw 64 consecutive scoreless innings, possibly unmatched by anyone in professional baseball. In 1948, he became the first black player to pitch in the American League. In one season he won 31 games for the Pittsburgh Crawfords, and in one week he won five games. He was also the first black player to pitch in a World Series game. At the age of 59 or 60, he was still pitching in the major leagues. Who was this famous baseball pitcher? |
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Definition
| ‘Leroy ‘‘Satchel’’ Paige’ |
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Term
| ‘609. In 1946, she earned the title of ‘‘Queen of Gospel’’ when her recording of ‘‘Move Up A Little Higher’’ sold more than 8 millions copies. She appeared on radio, TV, and toured Europe several times. She appeared in Carnegie Hall in 1950. She sang at President John F. Kennedy�s inauguration and at Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.�s funeral. Name her.’ |
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Term
| 610. This African American had been a writer and scholar before he founded Opportunity, the journal of the National Urban League. He became the first black president of Fisk University in 1946. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 611. In 1946, this athlete was the first black person to play modern professional football. He played with the Los Angeles Rams. Name him. |
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Definition
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| 612. In 1947, this African American sculptress produced her much celebrated I Am a Negro Woman series of sculptures, prints, and paintings. She had graduated from the University of Iowa in 1941 with a degree in sculpture and accepted an invitation to work in Mexico City. During the 1950s, she addressed issues related to society�s historically downtrodden, primarily African Americans and women which prompted the U.S. House of Representatives Un-American Activities Committee to arrest her as an �undesirable alien.� She then accepted Mexican citizenship and became a professor of sculpture at the National School of Fine Arts at the Universidad National Autonoma de Mexico where she gained an international reputation. In 2003, this African American sculptress unveiled her monumental sculpture honoring author Ralph Ellison in Riverside Park in Harlem. In addition to becoming a noted sculptor, she was praised for her prints and being a teacher. Her sculptures and two-dimensional works share common themes of motherhood, struggles for equality, and African American achievements. She saw her art as a means of survival for the people; not as mere entertainment. In one of her most famous works, entitled Sharecropper, she shows her personal strength and that of African Americans. She received the 2003 Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award by the International Sculpture Center. Name her. |
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| 613. The first modern major league baseball game in which a black player participated occurred on April 10, 1947 when this player took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers. He had previously attended Pasadena Junior College (now Pasadena City College) in California and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he excelled in football, basketball, baseball, and track. In his junior year, he joined the U.S. Army and was discharged in 1945 with the rank of first lieutenant. He signed a contract to play professional baseball with the Monarchs--a Kansas City, Missouri team of the National Negro Baseball League (NNBL). After just one season, he signed with Branch Rickey, general manager of the National League�s Brooklyn Dodgers, to play with the minor league Royals in Montr�al, Canada Again, after just one season, he joined the Brooklyn team and became the first black person to play in modern major league baseball. Name him. |
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Definition
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| ‘614. In 1947, sportswriter Jimmy Powers wrote about this rookie black baseball player. He said, ‘‘He will not make the grade in the major leagues. He is a thousand-to-one shot at best. The Negro players simply don�t have the brains or the skills.’’ This player proved Powers and others wrong by being selected the National League�s Rookie of the Year. Name the black baseball player.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 615. Between 1947 to 1956, this African American played mostly at second base, batted .311 in 1382 games, was an outstanding base runner, and in 1962 he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame--the first black player so honored. In 1956, this black sports figure became the first athlete to receive the NAACP�s Spingarn Medal for his �superb sportsmanship, for his pioneer role in opening up a new field of endeavor for young Negroes, and for his civic consciousness.� When he retired from baseball, he became vice-president of a restaurant chain in New York City and from 1964 to 1968, he served as special assistant for civil rights to Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York. This African American athlete starred in a motion picture about his life and was the author, with Alfred Duckett, of his autobiography, I Never Had It Made (1972). Name this athlete. |
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Definition
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| 616. He was the first African American baseball player in the American League. Just 11 weeks after Jackie Robinson broke the color line in modern league baseball, this player joined the Cleveland Indians. In his 13 year career, he became the League�s second black manager, following another Robinson, Frank. This player would not give in to racism and hate and always conducted himself in a manner that opened the game to many black players to come later. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998. He died in 2003. Name him. |
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| 617. This African American baseball player played for the Homestead Grays and Memphis Red Sox of the National Negro Baseball League before he signed to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. On August 26, 1947 he was sent in as a reliever in a game against Pittsburgh, thus becoming the first black pitcher in modern major league baseball. When he came to his first batting appearance in that game, he hit a two-run homerun. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 618. In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that agreements (covenants) that restricted certain homes or tracts of land from use and occupancy by black, Jewish, and Asian people could not be enforced. Name this case. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘619. On July 26, 1948, this President signed Executive Order 9981 that ended discrimination in the military. He stated, ‘‘Men in uniform should have equality of treatment and opportunity regardless of race, color, religion, or national origin.’’ Who was this U.S. President?’ |
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| 620. He became the first black catcher in the major leagues when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1948. During his short ten-year career, he won the National League�s Most Valuable Player award in 1951, 1953, and 1955. He was the second African American to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 621. In this U.S. Supreme Court case, it was declared that a state must provide legal education or a law school for blacks at the same time it is offered to whites. Name the case. |
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Definition
| Sipuel vs. University of Oklahoma |
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Term
| 622. In the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England, this African American female tied for first in the high jump with an Olympic record of 5� 6 1/4�. She was awarded the gold medal on the basis of fewer misses--the only gold medal won by an African American woman in track and field. She became the first African American woman to win a gold medal in the Olympic Games. Name her. |
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Definition
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| 623. In 1948, this African American golfer applied to play in the Richmond Open but was rejected because he was black. In fact, blacks were not allowed to even qualify because they were not members of the Professional Golf Association of America which allowed only white members. This black golfer made it one of his goals to fight these racial restrictions. Although he was not the only black player rejected to play at the Richmond Open, he fought back. He found a white lawyer, Jonathan Rowell, who had represented the NAACP on discrimination issues and filed a $315,000 suit against the Richmond Country Club and the PGA. The PGA eventually allowed four black professional golfers and two black amateurs to play in the upcoming Phoenix Open. Even though the blacks were paired together, they did not protest that white players did not want to be paired with them. From 1948 up to 1961, he continued to fight the �whiteonly� policy of the PGA. In November 1961, the PGA of America ended the Caucasiansonly clause. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 624. In 1948, this African American joined the U.S. Navy and despite years of racial discrimination became Navy�s first black master deep-sea diver. The son of a sharecropper, he first tried to enlist in the Army but was turned away just months before a Presidential Order desegregated the military in 1948. The Navy finally accepted him, but only to serve in the officer�s dining room. After a Navy diver helped raise a fighter plane that had fallen overboard, he began requesting admission to Navy�s salvage diving school. Finally admitted, he was harassed by classmates, but succeeded and became a salvage diver, retrieving sunken planes, ships and weapons from World War II. In an accident on board, he lost a leg, but continued to pursue his goal of being a master diver and succeeded in 1970. He retired in 1979 and gave inspirational lectures after the movie �Men of Honor� told his story. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 625. This African American was the first of his race to graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. In 1949, he became the 20,699th midshipman to graduate. Despite racial abuse and harassment, he remained at the Academy and graduated. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘626. They called him ‘‘Satchmo’’ but his real name was Daniel Louis Armstrong. In 1949, he was the first black musician to preside over the New Orleans Mardi Gras and was one of the most influential musicians in the nation and the world at the time. What was his instrument and what type of music did he play?’ |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘627. He was among the first African Americans to break the color barrier in entertainment and become a star of stage and screen. Between 1920 and 1940, he appeared in many Broadway shows and was featured in 21 movies. He is best known for his movies with child actress Shirley Temple in The Little Colonel (1935), The Littlest Rebel (1935), and Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938). When he died in New York City in 1949 millions gathered along his funeral route. A band played ‘‘Give My Regards to Broadway’’ in Times Square as a tribute to this actor and dancer. Name him.’ |
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Definition
| ‘Bill ‘‘Bojangles’’ Robinson’ |
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Term
| 628. He became the first African American composer to have his opera, Troubled Island, produced by a major opera company. It premiered on March 31, 1949 at the New York City Opera. He was recognized as one of America's greatest composers after the Rochester Philharmonic Symphony performed his Afro-American Symphony in 1931. Name the composer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 629. In 1949, just two years after the color line was broken in major league baseball, this African American player was voted the National League's Most Valuable Player. He led all other players with a batting average of .342. In 1962, he became the first African American baseball player to enter the prestigious Baseball Hall of Fame. Name him. |
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Definition
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| 630. In 1949, he was a pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers when he won 20 games in his rookie year. In 1955, he hit safely 42 times and had a batting average of .350. He was awarded the National League�s Most Valuable Player Award in 1956 and more importantly, was named the winner of the first Cy Young Award, an award given to the league�s best pitcher. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 631. In 1949, four great black baseball players made history when they competed in a Major League All-Star game. Name the four players. |
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Definition
| Jackie Robinson, Roy Campanella, Don Newcombe and Larry Doby. |
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Term
| 632. This African American diplomat was Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations. He worked to bring peace to the Middle East in the 1940s. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Who is this famous diplomat? |
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Definition
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Term
| 633. The 1950-51 National Basketball Association season revealed the League's first three African American players. Charles Cooper was the first to sign (with the Boston Celtics); Nathaniel Clifton (New York Knickerbockers) was second; and the third player was actually the first to play in an NBA game. He played only seven (7) games for the Washington Capitals before the team folded. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘634. She was born in Topeka, Kansas in 1917. When she was just 13 years old, she published her first poem, ‘‘Eventide,’’ in American Childhood Magazine. She graduated from Wilson Junior College in 1936 and in 1945, she published her first volume of poetry, A Street in Bronzeville. In 1950, she was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for her collection of poetry, Annie Allen. She earned membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters and became poet laureate of the state of Illinois. Among her other poetry are: The Bean Eater (1960), Selected Poems (1963), In the Mecca (1968), Beckonings (1975), and Blacks (1987). Name this poet.’ |
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Definition
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| 635. In 1951, this African American was selected to pastor Zion Baptist Church in Philadelphia. In 1964, he launched the Opportunities Industrial Center (OIC), an organization that became the country�s largest and most successful job-training organization. Within five years, the OIC had branches in 70 cities. Some of this expertise was developed as far back as 1941 when he worked with A. Philip Randolph to obtain jobs for black workers in the defense industry. Name the founder of OIC. |
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Definition
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Term
| 636. This African American singer and actor got his break in the movies, Odds Against Tomorrow and Carmen Jones, which co-starred Dorothy Dandridge. Other movies included Bright Road and Island in the Sun. It was his singing on his own television special that earned him an Emmy�the first African American performer to win this award. He is known for his calypso-style songs of the Caribbean Islands. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 637. In 1952, the NAACP awarded its prestigious Spingarn Medal to this African American in honor of his long career of providing legal services to the NAACP�s Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He had previously attended Harvard Law School and later worked with Thurgood Marshall and others to prepare an attack on school segregation in the United States. He was a faculty member at Howard University Law School and helped educate a new generation of civil rights lawyers, one of which was Thurgood Marshall. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 638. He was the first African American commissioned as a pilot in the U.S. Marine Corps. He flew in many combat missions during the Korean War and commanded a fighter squadron in Vietnam. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service. In 1978, he became the first African American to attain the rank of General in the Marines. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘639. In 1952, he and associates patented a process for curing bacon that reduced the time of curing--usually six to fifteen days--to a matter of hours. By 1970, he had been granted approximately 105 U.S. and foreign patents on products and methods associated with foods and vitamins� ‘‘making foods more nutritious and appetizing for longer lives.’’ Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 640. In 1952, this groundbreaking novel by Ralph Ellison told about the life of a Southern black man who could not escape racism in the North. The book won the National Book Award. Name the book. |
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Definition
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Term
| 641. This famous right-hander of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseball team was National League�s Rookie of the Year in 1952 when he became the first black pitcher to win a World Series game. He was playing in the Negro Leagues when the Dodgers signed Jackie Robinson in 1945. He would later pitch for the Cincinnati Reds and Washington Senators before retiring in 1957 with a record of 30 wins and 12 losses. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 642. For many years, black quarterbacks were uncommon in the professional football leagues. If they had been successful quarterbacks in their high schools and colleges, they were likely switched to a running back position when they made it to professional football. According to the Professional Football Hall of Fame, this African American was the first quarterback to play in the National Football League. He played in a game with the 1953 Chicago Bears. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 643. This African American author became one of the most prolific writers of fiction. In each of his novels, he presented some aspects of his life as an African American and the psychological effects of racism on him. Included among his notable novels are: Go Tell It On the Mountain (1953), Notes of a Native Son (1955), Giovanni�s Room (1956), Nobody Knows My Name (1961), Another Country (1962), and The Fire Next Time (1963). Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 644. This African American actress won national and international acclaim in the title role of the all-black opera, Carmen Jones, in 1954. She was the first African American to receive an Academy Award nomination in a leading role. The film also featured Harry Belafonte, Pearl Bailey and Diahann Carroll. The film won a Golden Globe Award for the Best Musical of 1954. Prior to her movie career, this musical artists had performed at the famed Cotton Club in New York and was given a spot on the regular program, performing with Cab Calloway, W.C. Handy, and others. Because of her success in Carmen Jones, she captured the media and became the first African American woman ever to appear on the cover of Life magazine (November 1, 1954). Although she starred in a number of other films, Island in the Sun, and the musical Porgy and Bess, she was typecast as a �Hollywood beauty� and not a serious actress�. She appeared in over twenty films, but died at only forty-two year old from an apparent drug overdose. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 645. In 1954, this baseball outfielder won the major league batting title and was also voted the National League�s Most Valuable Player. He won the MVP Award a second time 10 years later. He spent most of his career with the New York (San Francisco) Giants where he was known for his basket-style catch of fly balls. Today, he ranks fourth in home runs behind Barry Bonds, Hank Aaron, and Babe Ruth. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 646. This African American chemist founded his own laboratories in Chicago, Mexico City, and Guatemala. Among his many inventions and patents, he developed synthetic cortisone. He also developed a drug to treat the eye disease, glaucoma. He sold his laboratories to the major pharmaceutical companies of Smith, Kline & French and Upjohn. During his lifetime, he held more than 100 patents. Name this chemist. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘647. The NAACP worked diligently to influence the decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, which ruled the ‘‘separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.’’ This case was argued by a famous African American lawyer who was chief counsel of the Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP. He later became U.S. Solicitor General. Name this lawyer.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘648. On May 17, 1954, this important U.S. Supreme Court decision declared ‘‘racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.’’ The decision reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that declared �separate, but equal� doctrine of 1896. Earl Warren, the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court said, ‘‘In the field of public education, the doc - trine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal’’. Name this important court case.’ |
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Definition
| Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas |
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Term
| 649. On October 27, 1954, this African American became the first black to be promoted to the rank of general in the U.S. Air Force. He was further honored for leading a group of all-black fighter pilots known as the Tuskegee Airmen on combat tours over Europe during World War II. It was their success in the air that helped integrate the armed forces. This distinguished general died on July 4, 2002 at the age of 89. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘650. This famous concert and opera singer has appeared in opera houses worldwide. In 1954, she sang at the Metropolitan Opera Company in New York City. She sang for many years thereafter with the ‘‘Met’’ in such classic operas as Porgy and Bess. She was born in Laurel, Mississippi and graduated from Julliard School of Music in New York. She was the first black person to appear in a televised opera. Name this famous singer.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 651. On December 1, 1955, this African American woman made history when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus so a white man could sit down. The bus driver had her arrested. This action precipitated a successful bus boycott that lasted a year. Blacks in Montgomery, Alabama vowed to stay off the buses until they were seated on an equal basis with white passengers. It was in this year-long boycott that the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., began his rise to prominence as a national and international civil rights leader. Because of her heroic efforts, she has been called �Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.� Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 652. This minister started his civil rights activities as head of the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott. He was the new minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery and was chosen president of the Montgomery Improvement Association--the organization that led the Montgomery bus boycott. Name him. |
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Definition
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Term
| 653. Playing in the World Series is a dream of any major league baseball player. However, being the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the World Series is a super dream. Since 1955, only three baseball players have been voted MVP twice in World Series games. Two of these players are African Americans. Who are they? |
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Definition
| Bob Gibson and Reggie Jackson |
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Term
| 654. In 1956, this baseball outfielder and power hitter for the Cincinnati Reds won the Rookie of the Year Award in the major leagues. He went on to become one of the most talented baseball players and the first black manager of a major league baseball team. He later managed the Montreal Expos and remained their manager when the team moved to Washington, DC and became the Nationals in 2005. Who is he? |
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Definition
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Term
| 655. In 1956, this black sports figure became the first athlete to receive the NAACP's Spingarn Medal for his �superb sportsmanship, his pioneering role in opening up a new field of endeavor for young Negroes and his civic consciousness.� Name this player. |
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Definition
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Term
| 656. In 1956, this African American female won one of the world's major tennis titles, the French Open Women's Singles title. A year later she became the first African American to win the U.S. Open championship and the first to win the Women�s Singles Championship at Wimbledon, England. Major sports magazines at the time called her the best tennis player in the world. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 657. While earning his Ph.D. (doctoral degree) from Boston University, this African American was greatly influenced by the philosophy of nonviolence practiced by Mahatma Gandhi, a great leader in India. This African American leader�s belief in nonviolent protest was tested many times after he became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization that was on the front line of the Civil Rights Movement. Name him. |
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Definition
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Term
| ‘658. He became the first African American professional golfer to win a significant tournament-- the Long Beach Open. In 1959, he became the first black person to receive a Professional Golfer's Association (PGA) card as an ‘‘approved player.’’ He has been elected to the PGA Hall of Fame. Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 659. On September 23, 1957, a crowd of whites gathered in front of this high school to prevent nine black students from enrolling in the school. Violence erupted and the school superintendent was forced to withdraw the black students from the school under heavy police protection. On the next day, President Eisenhower sent federal troops and national guardsmen to this city to ensure the safe integration of the school. About 300 U.S. Army troops, armed with rifles and bayonets, escorted the nine students into this high school. The troops continued to patrol the school grounds and building corridors. On July 11, 1958, the NAACP awarded its prestigious Spingarn Medal to the brave students (referred to as the Little Rock Nine) who desegregated this high school. A statue commemorating their efforts stands today near the state�s capitol. Name the school and the city. |
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Definition
| Central High School; Little Rock, Arkansas |
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Term
| 660. She began her career as a nightclub singer and a model, but by the 1950s, this African American female was starring on Broadway in The House of Flowers (1954) and No Strings (1962). She also starred in the movie adapted from Maya Angelou�s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1959). She is most noted for starring in her own TV series, Julia. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 661. From 1957 to his retirement in 1966, this fullback broke every rushing record in the National Football League. He was Rookie of the Year in 1957 and the NFL's Most Valuable Player in 1963, the first African American to win this award. He played for the Cleveland Browns from 1957 through 1965, during which time he won a record eight league rushing titles and placed second among all-time leading rushers, with 12,312 yards. In 1971, he was inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 662. In 1958, this President signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957--the first since Reconstruction. It authorized the Justice Department to stop any interference with the right of African Americans to vote and established the Commission on Civil Rights to investigate interference with the law. In 1960, he signed the Voting Rights Act, sometimes called the Civil Rights Act of 1960. This legislation granted additional protection to African Americans seeking to exercise their right to vote and instructed federal courts to appoint �voting referees� to register blacks in areas where racial discrimination against voters had been proven. Name the President. |
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Definition
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Term
| 663. This African American baseball player was discovered at the age of 17 while playing in a church-sponsored softball league. He signed with the Chicago Cubs and began playing in September 1953 as the team�s starting shortstop the following season. He developed into one of the greatest players in the game--earning National League�s most coveted �Most Valuable Player� award in 1958 and 1959, two years in succession. He is the first player from a losing team ever to be named Most Valuable Player. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 664. This play, by Lorraine Hansberry, not only became a Broadway hit but became the most successful play by a black person (up to this time) to reach Broadway. It opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959 and ran for 530 performances. It was chosen as �Best Play of the Season� by the New York Drama Critics Circle, and was later made into a movie. Name the play. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘665. The ‘‘sit-in movement’’ began on February 1, 1960 when four black freshmen students from North Carolina A&T sat down at a �whites only� lunch counter in a store in this southern city. Their action set off an historic challenge to segregation across the South and declared the use of �sit-ins� as a major strategy for desegregating public facilities. Name the store and the city where the sit-in movement took place.’ |
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Definition
| F.W. Woolworth Company in Greensboro, North Carolina |
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Term
| 666. This blues guitarist, raised on a Mississippi Plantation, was once a disc jockey in Memphis. He taught himself guitar and created his own unique style. He became world famous in the 1960s and brought American blues to Russia and South America. He was elected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. One of his most famous hits was �The Thrill is Gone.� Today, at over 80 years of age, he still gives concerts. Name this famous blues guitarist. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘667. In 1960, this African American athlete won the track and field Olympic gold medals in the 100 meter, 200 meter and 4x400 women's relay race. She was selected ‘‘Female Athlete of the Year’’ by the Associated Press. She had overcome the effects of polio as a child. She was a �Tigerbelle�, the name given to members of the Tennessee State University women�s track team. Name her.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 668. In 1960, this black athlete stood before his Olympic teammates in Rome and said: �It is the goal of each of us to win a gold medal.� Naturally, that�s not possible for all. But we hope to do the best job possible of representing our country.� He was the U.S. captain of the Olympic team in Rome and the first black athlete to carry the U.S. flag at an Olympic opening ceremony. This black athlete had all the emotions--joy, pride, anticipation, and gratitude. He won a gold medal, competing in the 10 event decathlon, and setting an Olympic-record of 8,392 points to become the greatest all-around athlete at the Olympics in Rome. Name him. |
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Definition
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| 669. While working on the assembly line at a Lincoln-Mercury automobile plant in Detroit, this African American wrote songs in his head that kept the beat of the sound of the assembly line. When he got home, he wrote them on paper. He finally got some success when his first major hit �All I Could Do Was Cry � was recorded by Etta James. Then came �Reet Petite� a smash hit by Jackie Wilson. In 1957 this assembly line worker and music genius began a serious partnership with William �Smokey� Robinson, a member of the group called the Matadors, and later the Miracles. They set in motion the success of this music. In the early 1960s, this former assembly line worker organized a recording company. Within a year, he signed the Supremes (Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, and Florence Ballard) to a contract. Name this music genius and the name used to describe his music. |
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Definition
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Term
| 670. Over the 1950-60 decade, a total of 1.5 million blacks moved from the South. They moved to states in the West, Northeast, and North Central regions. One state was the largest loser of African Americans. In fact, it lost almost one-third of its entire African American population over this decade. Name the state. |
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Definition
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Term
| 671. In 1961, this African American football player was the first of his race to win the prestigious Heisman Trophy--an award given to the best athlete in college football. He was a superb halfback that led Syracuse University to its only national championship in football in 1959. He paved the way for many others in college football. He followed the great Syracuse running back Jim Brown who broke almost every rushing record when he was there, but this player still holds the Syracuse career record for highest average per carry at 6.63 yards and gained 2,386 rushing yards, better than Brown�s 2,091 yards. Although he was the No. 1 pick in the 1962 NFL draft and signed for a record deal as a rookie at the time, he never played a game or suited up to play because he was diagnosed with leukemia and died on July 18, 1963. He was 23 years old when he died. A film made about this person�s life entitled, The Elmira Express was released in 2008. Name the football player. |
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Definition
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Term
| 672. This African American won the under-15 age division of the National Junior Tennis Championships in 1960 and 1961. He also guided the American team to the Davis Cup championship. He was one of the most liked professional tennis champions. This great athlete died of AIDS acquired through a blood transfusion. In 2005, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in his honor. Who was he? |
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Definition
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Term
| 673. A group of young people, black and white, traveled by bus from Washington to New Orleans to test desegregation of facilities at bus depots in 1961. They were attacked on May 14, 1961 by mobs of white racists in Anniston and Birmingham, Alabama. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy telephoned Alabama officials, asking them to guarantee protection for the integrated travelers. Their action helped to influence the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to rule that segregation in interstate travel facilities was illegal. What was this group called? |
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Definition
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Term
| 674. On January 6-10, 1961, this major southern university integrated peacefully when two black students, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, were admitted as undergraduate students. Their admission ended 160 years of segregation at the university. They graduated in 1963. Name the university. |
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Definition
| University of Georgia, Athens, GA |
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Term
| 675. This African American star of the National Basketball Association was 7�1� tall and had an arm span of 89�. He averaged 50 points a game in the 1961-62 season as a player for the Philadelphia Warriors. On March 2, 1962, this player did the impossible--he scored 100 points in a game (against the New York Knicks). This �greatest moment in basketball� was seen by only 4,124 fans who attended the game and few people from the press captured his accomplishment on camera. He scored his 100th point with 45 seconds left in the game. His record of 100 points still remains today. Name the player and the two nicknames he was called by the press. |
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Definition
| Wilt Chamberlain; �Wilt the Stilt� and �The Big Dipper� |
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Term
| 676. In 1961, this African American was appointed Executive Director of the National Urban League, a position he held for a decade. In 1963, he refocused the mission of the National Urban League to be more influential in making and directing change in society. He called for a �domestic Marshall Plan� that would address the economic and educational problems of Black Americans. [The original Marshall Plan was used as a guide to rebuild Europe after WWII.) This leader had previously earned his master�s degree from the University of Minnesota and had been on the faculty of the University of Nebraska School for Social Work. Name this leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 677. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy established a federal agency to ensure that government contractors did not practice racial discrimination. This agency became permanent under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The agency was established primarily to force southern employers to comply with the Civil Rights Act or they stood to lose lucrative government contracts. Name this agency. |
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Definition
| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
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Term
| 678. On August 28, 1962, after holding a prayer demonstration in this city against racial discrimination, as many as seventy-five Northern clergymen of all religious faiths are arrested. For the past month, Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., has been leading protests against this city�s segregation practices. Name the city. |
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Definition
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Term
| 679. In the summer of 1962, this African American, the first of his race to be admitted to the University of Mississippi, started a solo 220-mile march from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. He lead the way for others to the voting booths with his �March Against Fear�. On June 6, as he crossed from Tennessee into Mississippi, James Norvell, a white unemployed Memphis hardware clerk, shot him but he survived. Civil Rights activists, Martin Luther King, Stokely Carmichael, Floyd McKissick, and others came to continue his trip to Jackson. When they reached Jackson on June 26, this African American joined his �followers� for the end of his march. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 680. On September 20, 1962, this 9-year U.S. Air Force veteran was blocked from enrolling at the University of Mississippi by the state�s Governor Ross R. Barnett. He was a transfer student from Jackson State College. On September 24, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered the University of Mississippi to admit him. The next day, Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett personally barred him from registering. The next day, he tried for the third time to register, but was blocked by Lt. Governor Paul B. Johnson and 20 state troopers. White supremacists were called from around the country to join ultra segregationist, Ex-Major General Edwin A. Walker, at the state university to resist and block this black person�s admission. A riot erupted in Oxford, Mississippi prompting President John Kennedy to appeal to the people and students of Mississippi. On October 1, this student was finally enrolled at the university. When it was all over, two men had been killed, almost 70 injured, and as many as 150 rioters arrested, including Edwin A. Walker. Name this brave African American who graduated from the University of Mississippi in 1963. |
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Definition
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Term
| 681. On November 7, 1962 the widow of the 32nd President of the United States and known as �The First Lady of the World,� died in New York City. During her active years, many black people saw her as one of their friends because of her strong support for racial and liberal causes. In fact, she supported a �Black Presidential Cabinet� that was headed by Mary McLeod Bethune as a way of communicating goodwill to the Black population. In another instance, she cancelled her membership in the DAR (Daughters of American Revolution) when they refuse to allow Marian Anderson to sing at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. Name this �First Lady�. |
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Definition
| Eleanor Roosevelt (Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt) |
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Term
| 682. These two individuals directed the 1963 March on Washington that called for civil rights for African Americans. In August 1963, more than 300,000 people marched on Washington, D.C. in protest for jobs and freedom. Name them. |
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Definition
| A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin |
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Term
| 683. Name the African American labor leader and civil rights activist who made this statement. �By fighting for their rights now, American Negroes are helping to make America a moral and spiritual arsenal of democracy. Their fight against the poll tax, against lynch law, segregation, and Jim Crow, their fight for economic, political, and social equality, thus becomes part of the global war for freedom.� |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘684. In 1963, Sidney Poitier won an Academy Award (an ‘‘Oscar’’) for his role as a traveling laborer who befriended a group of immigrant nuns and helped them build a chapel. He was the first African American male to win an Oscar for Best Actor. Name the movie.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 685. In 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded the nation's highest civilian award (Medal of Freedom) to two African Americans. Who were they and what did they do to receive the award? |
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Definition
| Marian Anderson--for accomplishments in music and Ralph Bunche--for peacemaker and diplomat |
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Term
| 686. On April 23, 1963, this white man is shot to death on a road near Attalla, Alabama, while staging a one-man �Freedom Walk� against �Negro segregation.� He started his walk at Chattanooga, Tennessee and was on his way to Jackson, Mississippi, where he hoped to present a personal appeal for racial integration to Governor Ross Barnett, a staunch segregationist. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 687. On September 9, 1963, this U.S. President issues a federal injunction against Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama after he orders state policemen to block black students from enrolling in the segregated public schools of Birmingham, Tuskegee, and Mobile. The next day, black students enter the white public schools after the President federalizes the state�s National Guard as a move toward integrating the public schools. Name this U.S. President. |
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Definition
| President John F. Kennedy |
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Term
| 688. On September 15, 1963, the nation was outraged and saddened when it learned that a bomb had exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in this southern city, killing four young black girls attending Sunday school classes. This terrible event was considered by many as the turning point in the civil rights struggle. A day of rioting followed and two more people were killed. Two white men arrested for the bombing were later released. It was 14 years later in 1977 that Robert Chambliss was convicted for the crime and sentenced to life in prison. He had been a city employee and member of the Ku Klux Klan. At the time of the bombing President Kennedy issued a statement expressing a �deep sense of outrage and grief.� Charles Morgan, Jr, a young white lawyer and civil leader in the city addressed the Young Men�s Business Club in the city asking: �Who is guilty? A business community which shrugs its shoulders. . . . A newspaper which. . .finds it necessary to lecture Negroes every time a Negro home is bombed? A Governor who offers a reward--but mentions not his own failure to preserve either segregation or law and order? And what of lawyers and politicians who counsel people to what the law is not when they know full well what the law is?....� Name the city where this occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| 689. Today, in a park across the street from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, several statues and displays tell the story of black protest and struggle for equality in this city. Among the many displays is one that portrays black children who were arrested and taken to jail. Another depicts the use of attack dogs and water hoses used by the police against black protesters. Name this park and its location where one can learn about racial protests that occurred in this city during the early and mid 1960s. |
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Definition
| Kelly Ingram Park in Birmingham, Alabama |
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Term
| 690. This African American became of the first martyrs of the civil rights movement. Born in 1925 in Mississippi, he graduated from Alcorn A&M College in 1952 and got a job selling insurance. After seeing the horrible conditions of poor black families in his state, he joined the NAACP and in 1954 became the state�s first field secretary. His demands were radical�fighting for Brown v. Board of Education, right to vote, and boycotting merchants who discriminated against blacks. Even when threats of violence came his way, he kept his focus on the issues�improving the quality of living for all residents in his state�Mississippi. On June 23, 1963, he drove home from a meeting, stepped out of his car, and was shot dead in the back. He died instantly. It was his death that prompted President John F. Kennedy to ask Congress for a comprehensive Civil Rights Bill. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 691. At grave #36-1431, in Arlington National Cemetery, lies the remains of a relentless civil rights fighter. He was the first Mississippi field secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People from 1954 to 1963 when he was shot by a segregationist. This pioneer civil rights leader, always under threats on his life, worked tirelessly to change the race relations in Mississippi and paved the way for leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and others. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 692. This track star, one of the �Tigerbelles� from Tennessee State University�s women's track team, won the gold medal for the 100-yard race at the 1964 Olympic games in Tokyo. Four years later, she won the gold medal again in the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. She became the first person to win this race in two consecutive Olympic competitions. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 693. On November 18, 1964, J. Edgar Hoover, the director for the Federal Bureau of the Investigation, created a sensation when he characterizes this civil rights leader, �the most notorious liar in the country.� Hoover said that this civil rights leader had accused FBI agents in Georgia of failing to act on �Negroes� complaints because they were southerners.� The next day, the civil rights leader made a temperate reply, saying that Mr. Hoover �. . . had apparently faltered under the awesome burden, complexities and responsibilities of his office.� Name the civil rights leader. |
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Definition
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Term
| 694. He received the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 1964 for his nonviolent leadership in the fight for American civil rights, thus becoming the 12th American and the second black American to receive this prestigious award. After receiving the award in Oslo, Norway, this person, at the age of 35 years of age, became the youngest man in history to receive the award. In accepting the prize, he said: �I accept this award today with an abiding faith in America and an audacious faith in the future of mankind. . . .� Name him. |
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Definition
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Term
| ‘695. In 1964, this African American woman was instrumental in organizing the interracial Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), a political party which challenged white supremacy in Mississippi. In 1964, she ran for the U.S. Congress on the MFDP ‘‘Freedom Ballot’’ and received more votes than her white male opponent, but the election was declared invalid by the state. In 1969, she founded the Freedom Farm Corporation that offered scholarships and helped poor families raise food and livestock. Name this leader.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘696. This African American was considered the ‘‘dean’’ of African American journalists. He was the first African American reporter in the mainstream press. In 1964, he was chosen to head the U.S. Information Service. He had served in a number of other positions for several presidents, including Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and U.S. ambassador to Finland. He was one of the highest-ranking black appointees in President Lyndon Johnson's administration. He died in 2000. Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 697. This U.S. President signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act into law after the longest legislative debate in the history of the U.S. Senate. It is passed by a vote of 73-27 and became the most far-reaching piece of race relations legislation since Reconstruction. This president noted the following: �This law�s purpose is not to punish. Its purpose is not to divide, but to end divisions--divisions which have lasted too long. Its purpose is national, not regional. . . . Let us close the springs of racial poison.� Name this U.S. President. |
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Definition
| President Lyndon B. Johnson |
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Term
| 698. In 1965, hundreds of protest demonstrations took place all over the nation demanding equal rights for black people in Alabama. On March 13th of the same year, Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama flies to Washington for a conference with this President. The President condemned the segregation policies of the Governor and encouraged him to protect all people regardless of race, or federal troops would be sent in, �whether the Governor likes it or not�. After the meeting, the President held a news conference where he stated: �What happened in Selma, Alabama, was an American tragedy. The blows that were received, the blood that was shed. . . must strengthen the determination of each of us to bring full and equal justice to all of our people.� Name the President. |
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Definition
| President Lyndon B. Johnson |
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Term
| 699. On March 24, 1965, a crowd of 25,000 blacks and their white supporters converged on the state capitol in Alabama after a 54-mile march from a nearby city. The march, led by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., was to protest Alabama�s denial of equal voting rights to the state�s black people and bring national attention to discrimination and racism in the state. Two weeks earlier, civil rights leaders Hosea Williams and John Lewis, together with more than 500 followers, had attempted a similar march to the capitol, but as the marchers began to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River, they were met by state troopers and local police, who fired tear gas and attacked the unarmed marchers with bull whips, cattle prods and chains. Fifty marchers were hospitalized. Images of police brutality were broadcast by television networks across the country. The White House and the Congress were flooded with calls for intervention. As the renewed march began two weeks later, Rev. King said: �Walk together, children. Don't you get weary, and it will lead to the promised land. And Alabama will be a new Alabama, and America will be a new America.� Name the city from which the march started and the city where it ended. |
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Definition
| from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama |
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Term
| 700. On May 29, 1965, this African American soared through the air at 27 feet and 5 inches at the Modesto, California Relays to set a new long-jump record. This new record broke his own previous world mark set a year ago by three-quarters of an inch. This athlete from Tennessee State University has won three Olympic medals in this event, a gold medal in 1960, silver in 1964, and a bronze in 1968. Name this athlete. |
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Definition
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Term
| 701. On August 14, 1965, opera singer Marian Anderson christened a nuclear submarine in Newport News, Virginia. The sub was named after a famed African American botanist-- the first nuclear sub named for an African American. Name him or the sub. |
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Definition
| George Washington Carver or the USS George Washington Carver |
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Term
| 702. After this President of the United States had signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the number of black voters in the South nearly tripled. Name the President. |
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Definition
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Term
| 703. In 1965, Vivian Malone was the first black student to graduate from this predominantly white university in the South. Three years previously, George Wallace, the governor of the state, had physically blocked her and another student from registering. Name the university. |
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Definition
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Term
| 704. In 1965, this African American was elected to the U.S. Congress from the state of Michigan. He still represents the First District in this state. As of today, he has the most seniority of any African American in the U.S. Congress-44 years, and he chairs the powerful House Committee on the Judiciary. He is one of the 13 founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC). The CBC was formed in 1969 to strengthen African American Law makers� ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 705. President Lyndon Johnson appointed this civil rights lawyer to the position of Solicitor General of the United States--the first African American to hold this position. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 706. This African American woman was a successful lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In 1966 President Lyndon Johnson appointed her as a federal judge to the U.S. District Court for Southern New York State. She was the first African American woman to be named a federal judge. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 707. This famous white baseball Hall of Famer, when accepting his coveted induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1966, heightened the consciousness of executives and members of the Hall of Fame when he noted the following in his acceptance speech: �Inside this building are plaques dedicated to baseball men of all generations and I�m privileged to join them. I hope someday the names of Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson in some way can be added as a symbol of the great Negro players that are not here, only because they were not given a chance.� Name this legendary Boston Red Sox hitter and Hall of Famer who said this. |
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Definition
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Term
| 708. Dr. Robert C. Weaver, an economist, became the first black person appointed to a Presidential Cabinet position when President Lyndon B. Johnson selected him on January 13, 1966 to head this newly created Department. In 1941, he was appointed director of the government office in charge of integrating blacks into the national defense program. He also was an administrator of the U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency, the highest federal post ever held by a black person to date. Name the department he was appointed to this year. |
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Definition
| Housing and Urban Development |
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Term
| 709. This African American joined the U.S. Navy as a fireman�s apprentice and rose through the ranks to become an admiral. In 1966, he became the first black to command a U. S. Navy ship. During the Vietnam War, he commanded the destroyer USS Taussig and the guided-missile frigate USS Jouett. He became the first black admiral in the U.S. Navy in 1971. He died on October 24, 2004. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 710. This African American served as an officer in the U.S. Army during World War II. He later became an attorney and public official. In 1962, he was elected attorney general- -the first African American to hold this position in this state. In 1965, he became the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate since the end of Reconstruction. Name him and the state he represented. |
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Definition
| Edward W. Brooke, III; from Massachusetts |
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Term
| ‘711. This African American entertainer started performing at the age of four and starred in his first of 20 movies by age six. He was coached by Bill ‘‘Bojangles’’ Robinson to add dancing to his many talents as a singer, actor, impersonator, and instrumentalist. Many called him ‘‘the world�s greatest entertainer’’. His first Broadway show, Mr. Wonderful (1956) was a hit. He starred in two successful network television series. His signature songs were ‘‘Mr. Bojangles,’’ ‘‘What Kind of Fool Am I?’’ and ‘‘I�ve Gotta Be Me.’’ Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 712. In 1966, this African American became the first black person since 1883 to be elected to the Texas Senate. In 1972, she defeated her opponent to represent Texas� 18th District in the U.S. House of Representatives. She spoke eloquently on constitutional law during the impeachment of President Richard Nixon. In 1976, she gave a stirring keynote address at the Democratic National Convention. She later became a professor of Public Affairs at the University of Texas. Who was this woman? |
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Definition
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Term
| 713. This African American became the first of his race to coach a predominantly white professional National Basketball Association (NBA) basketball team. He had been one of basketball's most successful centers. Name the coach and his team. |
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Definition
| Bill Russell; Boston Celtics |
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Term
| ‘714. In 1966, this African American baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles won the American League's Most Valuable Player award, becoming the first player ever to earn the Most Valuable Player award in both the National League (in 1961 with the Cincinnati Reds) and the American League. He also won baseball�s ‘‘Triple Crown’’ in 1966. He finished first in home runs (49), first in RBI�s (122), and first in batting average (.316). Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 715. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed this organization in Oakland, California in 1966. The primary goals included self-defense, the rights of black people to determine their own destiny, the rights to full employment, decent housing, and education; and the right to gain knowledge of themselves through their own history. This was both a community group and a revolutionary group with a communist viewpoint. Name the organization. |
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Definition
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Term
| 716. He was the first soldier awarded the Medal of Honor for meritorious service in the Vietnam War. The Medal of Honor is the nation�s highest military award. He was awarded the medal on April 21, 1966 after his death. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 717. Carl Stokes and Richard Hatcher became the first black mayors of major American cities in 1967. Name the city each governed. |
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Definition
| Carl Stokes - Cleveland, Ohio; Richard Hatcher - Gary, Indiana |
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Term
| 718. In 1967, this African American became the first black woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. She represented New York's 12th District. During her terms in Congress, she was a champion for children, women, and low-income people. She claimed for herself the title of being �the people�s politician.� In 1972, she campaigned for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, thus becoming the first black woman to seriously seek the nation�s highest political office. Her autobiography, Unbought and Unbossed tells of her political career. She wanted her legacy to be: �I like them to say that I had guts. That�s how I�d like to be remembered.� She died at the age of 80 on January 1, 2005. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 719. This African American was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court by President Lyndon B. Johnson. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in a 69-11 vote, thus becoming the first black Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 720. In 1968, Arthur Ashe won his first tennis grand slam title. He became the first African American male to win this event. Ashe had won the U.S. amateur men�s singles tennis championship in the same year. In 1975, he became the first African American male to win at Wimbledon. What grand slam tennis tournament did he win? |
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Definition
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Term
| 721. In the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, this African American athlete jumped 29 feet 2 1/2 inches to break the world record by almost 22 inches and win the gold medal in the long jump. Name this athlete. |
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Definition
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Term
| 722. These two African American athletes from San Diego State University brought international attention to the struggle of Black Americans when they gave the Black Power salute at the Olympic awards ceremony after winning a gold and bronze medal, respectively, in the 200-meter dash at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. San Diego State College did not initially welcome them when they returned. Several decades later in 2005, the University unveiled a statue in their honor. Name them. |
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Definition
| Tommie Smith and John Carlos |
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Term
| 723. The year, 1968, is known as �The Year of the Pitcher� and one African American pitcher helped to make it so. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and posted a 1.12 ERA (earned run average), the lowest figure since 1914. His extraordinary season is often believed to be the reason that major league baseball lowered the pitching mound by 5� to decrease the dominance of the pitcher. This pitcher won the Cy Young Award twice (1968 and 1970) and was the World Series Most Valuable Player in 1964 and 1967 and the National League�s MVP Award in 1968. He won 20 games five times over the 17 seasons he played for the St. Louis Cardinals. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1981. He continues to hold the record for winning seven consecutive games in the World Series and no one has broken his record of 17 strikeouts in a single game. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| products, was incorporated in 1969. In two years, 1971, it became the first black-owned business to be listed and traded on the American Stock Exchange. Name the company. |
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Definition
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Term
| 727. This organization is made up of black members of the U.S. House of Representatives. It was founded in 1970 to present and protect the interests of black citizens. The current head (2010) of this organization is Barbara Lee, Representative from California. Name this organization. |
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Definition
| Congressional Black Caucus |
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Term
| 728. He emerged as the leading authority on black entrepreneurship with his magazine, Black Enterprise. A graduate of Morgan State College and a member of Senator Robert Kennedy�s staff, he used his experience to organize a consulting firm on urban affairs and economic development. In 1970, he published the first issue of Black Enterprise--a magazine directed at a growing black middle class. Today, it has a readership of millions. Name the publisher. |
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Definition
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Term
| 729. On March 24, 1970, this U.S. President said �I would like to express my opposition to any compulsory busing of pupils beyond normal geographic school zones for the purposes of achieving racial balance.� This statement essentially said that he supported the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas decision but disagreed on how to achieve school integration. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 730. This black politician from Georgia is known for many accomplishments. He worked with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in the civil rights movement, was a U.S. Congressman (1972-1976), and was later appointed by President Jimmy Carter to be U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (1976-1979). He later served as mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (1981-1989). Who is he? |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘731. This baseball catcher became famous for hitting home runs. His play for the Pittsburgh Homestead Grays of the National Negro Baseball League was outstanding. After playing for about 15 years, his lifetime batting average was .384 (though some sources have claimed it was .423). He is known as ‘‘the Black Babe Ruth.’’ In 1972, he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘732. In 1972, this psychologist became the first African American woman to direct a show on Broadway. As the founder and artistic director of New York's Urban Arts Corps, she directed the Broadway hits ‘‘Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope’’ (1972) and ‘‘Your Arms Too Short to Box with God’’ (1976). She has received three Tony Award nominations, an Emmy Award, Obie Award, NAACP Image Award, and was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. Name her.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 733. On March 18, 1972, this African American naval pilot, killed in the Korean War, was honored when a U.S. naval ship bearing his name was launched. The pilot had been the first black naval aviator. He was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for courage, airmanship, and devotion to duty during the Korean War. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 734. In 1972, two African Americans, one from Texas and the other from Georgia, were elected the first black representatives from the South since George H. White of North Carolina left office in 1901. One of these black politicians served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1979--becoming the first black woman from a southern state to serve in the House. Name these two U.S. Representatives. |
|
Definition
| Barbara Jordan and Andrew Young |
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Term
| 735. This world renowned opera soprano started singing in church choirs at the age of four. She won a full scholarship to Howard University. To finance her graduate studies, she entered the 1968 International Music Competition of the German Broadcasting Corporation in Munich, Germany, and took first prize. She gained widespread recognition throughout Germany. The then went to Italy and back to the United States for a performance at the Hollywood Bowl in 1972. Thereafter, she performed throughout the Western World, including at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. On January 21, 1985, she sang at the inauguration of President Ronald Reagan. She received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006, Woman of the Arts Award, Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Award, and the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama in 2009. She is the recipient of more than 32 major awards. Name this opera singer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 736. In 1973, this outfielder of the Atlanta Braves' baseball team, hit home run number 715, breaking Babe Ruth's record. He started his professional baseball career with the Indianapolis Clowns of the Negro Baseball League. In his first year in the major, he was selected Rookie of the Year in 1954. In 1956, he won the National League batting title and in 1957, the Most Valuable Player Award. He retired from baseball in 1976 with 755 total home runs. He set a National League record with 2,297 RBIs. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 737. Thomas Bradley, a native of Texas, became this city's first black elected official in 1963, and its first black mayor in 1973. He spent 21 years as a member of the city�s police department, a decade as a city councilman, and another two decades as the mayor of the city before he retired. Name the city he served. |
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Definition
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Term
| 738. He started playing golf at 12 years of age while caddying for white players. While still in his teens, he won his first tournament. He sponsored himself in the Professional Golfer's Association after qualifying for the PGA tour in 1967. In 1968 he finished second to Jack Nicklaus in a sudden death playoff in the American Golf Classic in Ohio. In 1974, he won the Monsanto Open and became the first African American to qualify and play in a Masters Golf Tournament (1975). He also became the first African American member of the prestigious U.S. Ryder Cup Team. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 739. In 1975, William T. Coleman became the second African American to hold a Presidential cabinet-level position. A lawyer with a degree from Harvard University, Coleman had held numerous federal, state, and community positions. He had worked for U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter and was president of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund. President Gerald Ford appointed him to this position. Name it. |
|
Definition
| Secretary of Transportation |
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Term
| 740. This African American entered Morehouse College at the age of 14, graduated from law school with honors, and became the first black mayor of a major Southern city in 1974. He championed affirmative action and civil rights during his three terms in office. Barred by law from seeking a third consecutive term, he was succeeded by former U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young. He returned to city government in 1989 to run for the mayor�s office and was elected with 80 percent of the vote. Jackson and Young worked together to get Atlanta selected as host of the 1996 Summer Olympics. Name him and the city he governed. |
|
Definition
| Maynard Jackson; Atlanta, Georgia |
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Term
| 741. In August 1975, he became the first African American to become a four-star general in U.S. military history. He assumed the command of the North American Air Defense (NORAD). This U.S. Air Force pilot had his flight training at Tuskegee. During his career, he flew 101 combat missions in Korea and 78 in Vietnam. He was the recipient of many medals and awards, including the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal. He retired from the Air Force on February 1, 1978. Name him. |
|
Definition
| ‘Daniel ‘‘Chappie’’ James’ |
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Term
| 742. This African American was the Executive Secretary for the NAACP from 1949 to 1977, a time of the major civil rights movement activity and a time of considerable racial turbulence in this country. He left the Kansas City Call newspaper to join the NAACP as assistant executive secretary under Walter White. He took over as editor of Crisis in 1934, succeeding W.E.B. Du Bois. During his tenure as Executive Director, he led and supported sit-in protests and the March on Washington. He was the leader behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It was his leadership that guided the NAACP to ensure the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act and the 1968 Fair Housing Act. Name this civil rights leader. |
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Definition
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Term
| 743. This African American engineer, a Morehouse University and University of Illinois graduate, co-discovered the Gamma Electric Cell that converts nuclear energy directly to electricity. His first work was with rocket motors and rocket propellants. He is also the owner of several other noteworthy patents. This engineer has other interests. He has become interested with researching the African American experience in film, television, and radio. His first book was published in 1977--Blacks in Black and White: A Source Book on Black Films. It was a 700-page reference book. His other books followed: Blacks in Blackface, Ghost Walks: A Chronological History of Blacks in Show Business, 1865-1910 and Swinging on the Etherwaves. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 744. This African American female, born in Wake County, North Carolina, graduated from high school at age 16 and pursued Nursing at North Carolina A&T State University. In 1959, she joined the U.S. Army as a private, but in 1961 she was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army Nurse Corp. In 1982, she became the first nurse corps officer to graduate from the U.S. Army War College; and in 1987, she was promoted chief of the Army Nurse Corp. In 1991, she was appointed Deputy Commanding Officer for the Military District of Washington and commanding General at Fort Belvoir, VA. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 745. This African American author was a freelance writer for Reader�s Digest, Atlantic Monthly, and others. When interviewing Malcolm X for a major magazine article, he was asked to write his autobiography. It was published in 1965 and sold more than six million copies. Although he wrote several books, his most prominent work was Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976) for which he won a National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize. The book was made into a 12-hour TV documentary that attracted more than 130 million viewers--at the time the largest program audience ever. He received the NAACP�s Spingarn Medal for his extensive research on slavery and the African American experience. A statue in Annapolis commemorates his work. Name the author. |
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Definition
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Term
| 746. In 1979, this second lieutenant in the U.S. Army received her aviator wings and became the first black woman pilot in the U.S. armed forces history. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 747. In 1979, this highly acclaimed dancer, teacher, choreographer, anthropologist, and humanitarian received the prestigious Albert Schweitzer Music Award for her extensive contributions. She was not only an internationally known choreographer and teacher of dance, but also an accomplished anthropologist who introduced and popularized Afro-Caribbean dance throughout the world. She was frequently called the �Mother of African American and Afro-Caribbean Dance.� Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 748. In 1979, this lawyer and professor became the first African American female to hold a Presidential Cabinet post. Jimmy Carter named her Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and later Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Prior to this (in 1969), she has served as dean of the Law School at Howard University--the first woman to hold this position. In 1965, was the first African American woman to serve as a U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg in 1965. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 749. In 1979, this nurse was the first black woman to achieve the rank of general in the U.S. Military. Born in 1927 in West Chester, Pennsylvania, she later entered the Army Nurse Corps in 1955, and after completing five years of basic nurses� training at New York�s Harlem Hospital she received her promotion to first lieutenant. In 1980, she became the Chief of the Army Nurse Corps. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 750. In 1982, he was the first African American to reach four-star status in the United States Army and the second to achieve that rank in the Armed Forces. Name him. |
|
Definition
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Term
| 751. This African American pilot served in Vietnam, flying 144 combat missions. After Vietnam, he became the first African American astronaut in space when he flew aboard the space shuttle, Challenger. Name him. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 752. This African American worked for the New York Age, the Afro-American in Baltimore, and the Washington Post where he became an associate editor and editorial writer. In 1983, he became editor, publisher, and owner of the Oakland Tribune. After seeing the limited number of blacks and other minorities working in the high end of the newspaper industry, he and his wife founded the Institute for Journalism Education to train and promote minority journalists. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 753. On October 20, 1983, a law was enacted making the third Monday in January a holiday commemorating the life of this African American. The U.S. House of Representatives had approved the legislation earlier in the year. The Senate approved the federal holiday by a vote of 78-22 after considerable debate. Name the African American honored. |
|
Definition
| Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. |
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Term
| 754. The third African American to receive an Academy Award received it for his performance as a drill sergeant in the movie An Officer and a Gentleman. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 755. This accomplished jazz and classical trumpeter and composer became the first musi- 100 cian to win Grammys for classical and jazz performances in a single year (1984). He was the first jazz artist to win a Pulitzer Prize for Music. He won for his composition, Blood on the Fields. He was born in New Orleans to a famous jazz musical family. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘756. In 1985, this African American published one of the best selling books on �fatherhood� entitled Fatherhood. Other books followed, Time Flies (1987), and Love and Marriage (1989). In 1965, this African American starred with Robert Culp in a weekly television show called ‘‘I Spy’’ which earned him three Emmy awards. He previously had won six Grammy awards for Best Comedy Album. Over the years, he had two television sitcoms, both enjoying some of the highest ratings in television history. His influence on the African American image has been especially positive on TV -- a medium that many blacks believe distorts and presents negative stereotypes of black people. Today, he is a respected humanitarian. He and his wife have given millions of dollars to African American educational institutions. He is now conducting a �call out� to young black boys and girls throughout the country to bring awareness to the deep-seated poverty in America and its consequences on African Americans and African American communities. Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 757. In 1985, this African American actor received a Tony Award for his role in August Wilson's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama, Fences. He appeared in more than 50 plays and was known internationally for his role of Othello. He played Jack Johnson, the heavyweight champion in the Broadway hit, The Great White Hope, for which he earned a Tony award in 1969 and was nominated for a Best Actor Oscar in 1970. He was the voice of Darth Vader in the popular Star Wars series. He is the recipient of many other awards including the National Medal of the Arts award. Name this great actor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 758. In this 1985 movie, these African Americans actresses were nominated for an Academy Award. They were: Margaret Avery, nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress; Whoopi Goldberg, nominated for Academy Award for Best Actress; and Oprah Winfrey, nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In what movie were they stars and received their nominations? |
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Definition
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Term
| 759. In 1987, this African American poet won the Pulitzer Prize for her collection of poetry titled Thomas and Beulah (1986). Her other writings include Yellow House on the Corner (1980), Fifth Sunday (1985), and Grace Notes (1989). In her works, she explored the nuances of cultural history. In 1993, she was named Poet Laureate of the United States--a position she held to 1995. She has authored six volumes of poetry, a novel, a collection of short stories, and a play. She is now a Commonwealth Professor of English at the University of Virginia. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 760. In 1983 and in 1987, these two African American women won the Pulitzer Prize for their novels, The Color Purple and Beloved, respectively. Name the authors. |
|
Definition
| Alice Walker and Toni Morrison |
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|
Term
| 761. This African American, born on March 2, 1957 in Jefferson City, Tennessee, was an outstanding students and athlete in high school and college. He graduated at the top of his class in 1979 with a B.S. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Tennessee. Although he landed a job as an engineer with IBM, he continued his education, receiving a Master�s Degree in Electrical Engineering from Florida Atlantic University (1982) and a doctorate in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1992. While getting these degrees, he was steadily inventing major products and being promoted. For example, in 1985, he and his team of researchers developed the IBM 101 PC/AT--the original home/office computer. In 1985, he teamed up with Dennis Moeller (also at IBM) and they invented the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) system bus--a component that allowed devices such as modems and printers to be connected to a PC. They would follow with another invention--the PS/2 Models and the Color Graphics Adapter. He has been named an IBM fellow, the highest technical honor awarded by the company. In fact, only 50 of IBM's 310,000 employees are IBM Fellows and he was the first Black person so honored. Name this African American. |
|
Definition
| Mark Dean (see additional information in Part V, Selected Biographies and Landmarks) |
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Term
| 762. In 1988, this African American was promoted to the rank of four-star general of the U.S. Army. He was selected chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and served as National Security Advisor to President George Bush. He led a national volunteer organization, America's Promise, before becoming Secretary of State for President George W. Bush. Who is he? |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘763. He became one of the most widely known architects in California and the nation. He designed homes for entertainers Cary Grant, Frank Sinatra, Lucille Ball, and Danny Thomas. He designed the Los Angeles County Courthouse and was the first African American member of the American Institute of Architects. He is commonly referred to as the ‘‘architect to the stars.’’ Name him.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 764. In 1988, this African American was one of 12 recipients of the National Medal of Arts, awarded by President Reagan. He was an outstanding photojournalist for Life magazine in the 1950s and 1960s. The son of a Kansas tenant farmer, he worked as a railroad- car waiter in the 1930s. His life was changed when he picked up a magazine left by a passenger and in that magazine he saw photographs of the harsh conditions brought about by the Great Depression. Many of these photos were taken by Dorthea Lange and other Farm Security Administration (FSA) photographers. He bought a camera and through hard work became a FSA photographer in 1942. Later, in Washington D.C., when he was refused service at a clothing store, theater, and restaurant because of his color, it angered him so that he looked for and later took a photograph that captured what he saw as the �limits� that race dictated everyday. The photo was a portrait of a black cleaning woman in front of an American flag. He called it American Gothic and it became the first of his many famous photographs. In the 1970s, he moved to Hollywood and produced several films, including Shaft and Super Cops. He and three other African Americans purchased Essence, the magazine for African American women. He was also the author of several books, including The Learning Tree (1966) that was made into a movie that he directed and wrote the music, and Born Black (1971). In 1972, he received the Spingarn Medal. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 765. Congress ignored this explorer�s contributions until 1945, when he was found working as a clerk in a federal customs house in New York. He was then given the silver medal and honored by President Truman. After his death in 1988, his body was moved from a shared grave in New York to the Arlington National Cemetery, and with full military honors, was placed next to his colleague, Admiral Peary. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘766. In 1989, Maya Lin was hired by the Southern Poverty Law Center to design a Civil Rights Monument. It became a nine-foot vertical wall constantly washed by water. In the background is a quotation of Martin Luther King, Jr. ‘‘until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream’’ etched on the wall. Another wall included 53 names that honor the civil rights struggle. Among the names are Medgar Evers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, Rev. George Lee, Lamar Smith, Herbert Lee, Jimmie Lee Jackson, Rev. James Reeb, Viola Liuzzo, and Vernon 102 Dahmer. Where is the Civil Rights Monument located?’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 767. In 1989, this African American was elected suffragan bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. She became the first woman bishop in the 450-year history of the Anglican Church. She was ordained a priest in 1980. Name her. |
|
Definition
| Barbara Clementine Harris |
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Term
| 768. In 1989, major league baseball history was made when this father and son are both active players in the majors at the same time. Name the father and son baseball heroes |
|
Definition
| . Ken Griffey Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. |
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Term
| 769. At the age of five, he was an accomplished tap dancer. In 1978, he appeared as a dancer in Broadway shows such as Eubie! (1978), Sophisticated Ladies (1981) and others. He won a Tony Award as Best Actor in Jelly�s Last Jam in 1992. He is credited for the revival of tap dancing as a respected performance art. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 770. This African American worked his way through Virginia Union University, graduated in 1952 and went directly into the U.S. Army. Because he could not find a job in chemistry (his major in college), he attended law school at Howard University and graduated in 1959. After become a skilled defense attorney, he entered politics and won a seat in the Virginia State Senate in 1959. He served 16 years before winning the position of lieutenant governor in 1985, becoming the first African American to ever win elective statewide office in Virginia. In 1989, he became the first African American to be elected governor of a state. He is now serving as mayor of Richmond, Virginia. Name this person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 771. In 1989, this African American became National Football League�s first African American head coach. In 1990, he was named Coach of the Year when he led the Los Angeles Raiders to a 12-4 winning season and won the AFC Western Division title. In college, he played for Maryland State Eastern Shore. He was All-Pro in 1973 and 1974 and All-AFC six times. He was enshrined in the Professional Hall of Fame in 1989. In 2006, he was hired as the head coach of the Oakland Raiders Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 772. In January 1990, Many African Americans were elected as mayors of big cities. In fact, more than 300 African Americans were majors of cities in the United States. In 1990, however, ten African American were mayors of cities with at least 400,000 residents. Name these cities. Also, identify the cities where black mayors were elected primarily by white voters and where they were likely elected by black voters. |
|
Definition
| Name City Population %Black Term Ended David Dinkins New York 7,353,000 25.2* 1993 Thomas Bradley Los Angeles 3,353,000 17.0* 1993 W. Wilson Goode Philadelphia 1,674,000 37.8* 1991 Coleman Young Detroit 1,036,000 63.1 1993 Kurt Schmoke Baltimore 751,000 63.1 1991 Marion Barry Wash. D.C. 617,000 70.3 1990 Sidney J. Barthelemy New Orleans 532,000 55.3 1990 Michael White Cleveland 521,000 43.8* 1993 Norman B. Rice Seattle 502,000 9.5* 1993 Maynard Jackson Atlanta 420,000 66.6 1993 *Elected by white voters. |
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Term
| 773. On April 8, 1990, the National Inventors Hall of Fame inducted two African Americans scientists--the first time in its 17-year history. One of these inductees was the inventor of drugs to cure glaucoma and methods for mass-producing synthetic cortisone. The other was recognized for his contributions as an agricultural and soil scientist. Name these two inventors in respective order. |
|
Definition
| Percy Lavon Julian and George Washington Carver |
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Term
| 774. In 1991, this famous African American playwright won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play, The Piano Lesson. At 44 years of age, he joined an exclusive group of playwrights who have won two Pulitzer prizes. He had won his first Pulitzer in 1987 for his play Fences. Who is this famous playwright? |
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Definition
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Term
| 775. On May 1, 1991, this African American female was promoted to the rank of brigadier general, the first black woman to reach this rank in the U.S. Air Force. She is a native of Houston and was the commander of the 330th Technical Training Wing at Keesler Air Force Base near Biloxi, Mississippi. She retired in 1997 as Major General--the highest ranking female officer in the U.S. Air Force at the time. Who is she? |
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Definition
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Term
| 776. In 1991, this African American took his seat on the highest court in the country--the U.S. Supreme Court. He previously had been chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. President George Bush had appointed him to the Federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (1990-1991) and then nominated him for the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 777. In 1980, the first and only black-owned cable satellite television network began operation. It was started by Robert L. Johnson after he secured a personal loan of $15,000. In 1991, it became the first black-owned company to be traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Name this television network. |
|
Definition
| BET (Black Entertainment Television) |
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Term
| 778. This woman track star participated in four Olympic Games, 1976, 1984, 1988, and 1992. She won four gold medals and one silver medal. She won her last medal in 1992 as a member of the women's 4x100-meter relay. She was 35 years old at the time. She received the Flo Hyman Award from the Women's Sports Foundation. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 779. In 1992, she became the first African American woman elected to the United States Senate. She represented the State of Illinois for one term. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 780. After serving in a number of faculty and administrative positions at the University of Maryland and as chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder, this African American woman was selected by President Jimmy Carter to be Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. In 1980, President Carter appointed her as a commissioner to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Known for her liberal views, she successfully sued President Ronald Reagan who tried to fire her from the commission because of her views. She not only retained her job, but became chairwoman of the commission in 1993. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 781. This African American comedienne and actress was a hit at the box office when she opened a one-woman show on Broadway in 1984. She has won numerous awards including a Grammy and a Golden Globe. She was nominated for an Academy Award for her role in The Color Purple. In 1991, she won an Academy Award for her role as Oda Mae Brown in the film, Ghost. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 782. This African American woman was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993--the first African American to be awarded this distinction. She was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in 1931. During her life, she has been an educator, writer, and 15 years as editor at Random House Publishing Company. Some of her most popular publications include The Bluest Eye in 1970, followed by Song of Solomon (1977), Tar Baby (1981), and Beloved (1987). Many of her books are not only best-sellers, but Song of Solomon was a Book-of-the-Month selection and Beloved won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988. Name this author. |
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Definition
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Term
| ‘783. This female singer was crowned ‘‘Queen of Soul’’ in 1967 when five of her singles for Atlanta Records sold over a million copies each. She recorded her first song, a gospel, at age 14. She later branched out into rhythm and blues. In the 1960s and 1970s, she won 10 Grammy Awards. She was the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in 1994, she was awarded the Grammy for Lifetime Achievement. Name her.’ |
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Definition
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Term
| 784. This African American began acting in school plays. After four years in the Air Force, he took acting classes. He became known in 1967 when he co-starred with Pearl Bailey in an all-black version of Hello Dolly! He became a regular on the children�s program The Electric Company and earned a Tony award. He later earned three Obie awards for his Broadway performances, including his portrayal of Hoke in the play Driving Miss Daisy. In the movie version, he won a Golden Globe award. He also starred in Glory and earned an Oscar nomination. In 1995, he was nominated again for an Academy Award for his role in the Shawshank Redemption, and in 2005 won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Million Dollar Baby. Name this actor. |
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Definition
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Term
| 785. This African American, one of five astronauts aboard the space shuttle Discovery, walked in space February 10, 1995 and became the first of his race to walk in space. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 786. In the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta Georgia, this African American became the first male ever to win the gold medal in both the 200- and 400-meter races. In 2000, he was also the first male to repeat as Olympic champion in the 400-meter race. He was known as the track star in the |
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Definition
| golden shoes. Name him. Michael Johnson |
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Term
| 787. In 1984, this African American athlete was the first track star since Jesse Owens in 1936 to win four gold medals in a single Olympic competition. He set Olympic records in two of the gold medal events, the 200-meter dash and the 400-meter relay. He won his fourth straight Olympic gold medal in the long jump at the games in Atlanta, Georgia in 1996. He became only the fourth man ever to win nine gold medals at the summer games. He retired in 1997. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 789. In August 1996, this African American becomes the 13th Negro League player to be inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame. The left-handed pitcher had one of the best change-ups and fast balls in the Negro National League (NNL). He spent 12 years in 105 the league and gained a reputation as one of the best pitchers in the original NNL. He played for the Chicago American Giants and was instrumental to their success in 1926, 1927, 1928, and 1933. He won 26 straight games in 1926 and had a 32-3 mark in 1927. In the 1926 NNL world series, he posted a 1.27 ERA. He is the half-brother of the founder of the Negro National League, Andrew �Rube� Foster, who was also a great pitcher in the NNL. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 790. This African American singer became known as the �First Lady of Jazz� and �First Lady of Song� because of the range of her voice. She recorded 250 albums and won 13 Grammys. She could pitch her voice so high that she could shatter a wineglass. She died at age 78 in 1996, but her music lives on. Among her best were: �A-Tisket, ATasket�( 1938), �It�s Only a Paper Moon,� (1945); and �Mack the Knife,� (1960). �ATisket, A-Tasket� is said to have been the biggest selling record of the 1930s and stayed No. 1 on the charts for 10 straight weeks. No single individual has received the Best Jazz Vocal Performance Award as many times as this singer. Name her. |
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Definition
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Term
| 791. In 1996, Maryland made judicial history when Governor Parris Glendening named this African American to become the 23rd chief judge in the 220-year history of the Maryland Court of Appeals. This African American rose from poverty in East Baltimore to attend Harvard University Law School. He was appointed to the same court that had earlier overturned his 1964 trespassing conviction for participating in a civil rights sit-in in downtown Baltimore. Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 792. Shaw University in Raleigh, NC was founded by the American Baptist Home Mission Society of the Baptist Church after the Civil war. It is the oldest historically Black college in the Southern United States. The Leonard Medical School was founded in 1882 and was one of fourteen medical schools founded in the United States between 1868 and 1900 dedicated to the education of African Americans. In fact, it graduated almost 400 physicians before it closed in 1918. It claims to be the first four-year medical school in the South to train black doctors and pharmacists. The university also trained many teachers who taught African Americans in the south after the Civil War. By 1900 more than 30,000 black teachers had been trained and worked in the South. In 1960 the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began at a conference held at Shaw University and led by Ella Baker. SNCC was created to coordinate activities among numerous civil rights groups, to coordinate sit-ins (such as the one that occurred in Greensboro), and coordinate and publicize activities of civil rights organizations. In the 1990s, Shaw University led a research study to investigate why black veterans of WW II had not been awarded the Medal of Honor. The study concluded that racial discrimination contributed to the military overlooking the contributions of black soldiers. The study recommended 10 individuals to receive the Medal of Honor. In 1996 the Department of Defense agreed that 7 of 10 should be awarded the Medal of Honor. President Clinton awarded the awards in 1997. Only one individual was alive at this time to receive the Medal. Name him. |
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Definition
| 1st Lieutenant Vernon Baker. |
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Term
| 793. After graduating from college, this African American was trained at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. His big acting role came in A Soldier�s Story (1984). This successful African American actor has received Academy Award nominations five times, for Glory, Cry Freedom, Malcolm X, Hurricane, and Training Day. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Glory (1989) and in 2002 a Best Actor Academy Award for Training Day (2001). Name him. |
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Definition
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Term
| 794. Four African American tennis players have won the singles titles of the two major grand slam tennis competitions--the U.S. Open and Wimbledon. Name them. |
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Definition
| Althea Gibson, Serena Williams, Venus Williams, and Arthur Ashe |
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Term
| 795. Over the years, thirteen African Americans have won an Oscar for best actor or actress or for best supporting actor or actress. Name these successful actors and actresses and the movies or films in which they starred. |
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Definition
| ****Hattie McDaniel Gone with the Wind (1939) *Sidney Poitier Lilies of the Field (1963) **Lou Gossett, Jr. An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) **Denzil Washington Glory (1989) ****Whoppi Goldberg Ghost (1990) **Cuba Gooding, Jr. Jerry Maguire (1996) *Denzil Washington Training Day (2001) ***Halle Berry Monsters Ball (2001) **Morgan Freeman Million Dollar Baby (2004) *Jamie Foxx Ray (2004) ****Jennifer Hudson Dreamgirls (2006) *Forest Whitaker The Last King of Scotland (2006) ***Mo�Nique Precious (2009) * Best Actor Award ** Best Supporting Actor Award *** Best Actress Award **** Best Supporting Actress Award |
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| 796. This African American golfer has won all four grand slam golf titles, the Masters, the U.S. Open, the British Open and the PGA Championship. He is the youngest golfer to accomplish this extraordinary feat and joins only four other golfers in having won all four titles. Name this golfer. |
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| 797. In 1998, this college football coach retired from Grambling State University after coaching there for 57 years. When he started at Grambling in 1941 (then called Louisiana Negro Normal and Industrial Institute), he was also the basketball and baseball coach. During his tenure, Robinson established himself as the winningest coach in Division IAA college football history, with 408 wins. He has been credited with the establishment of black football around the country. He sent more than 200 of his players to the National Football League and several have been elected to the National Football Hall of Fame. Name this football coach. |
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| ‘798. This African American writer has written many poems. Her autobiographical book, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, provided her with considerable fame. She has also written scripts for films and acted in a number of movies, including a notable part in Roots. She read one of her poems, ‘‘On the Pulse of Morning’’ at the inauguration of Bill Clinton as President of the United States. Name her.’ |
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| 799. This African American newsman began his 39-year broadcasting career on a local radio station in Philadelphia. In 1971 he began working for CBS and spent 18 months covering the war in Vietnam and Cambodia. He won 11 Emmy Awards, Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award, and others. Since 1981, he was a noted correspondent for the award-winning 60 Minutes TV program where he interviewed some of the most important people in the world. He died on November 9, 2006 of complications from leukemia. Name this newsman. |
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