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| What were the two principal authorities for truth during the middle ages? |
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| Ancient philosophers and Church tradition |
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| List four new instruments that aided scientific investigation of the physical world? |
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| telescopes, microscopes, barometer, and thermometer |
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| What Polish astronomer challenged the earth-centered theory of the universe? What is his view called? |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus, Heliocentric Theory which says the earth revolves around the sun |
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| What contribution did Edward Jenner make to the field of medicine? |
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| Developed the smallpox vaccination |
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| Who is "the Father of Modern Chemistry"? |
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| Antoine Laurent Lavoisier |
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| disagreed with Copernicus on the nature of the orbits |
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| Best-known astronomer who contributed to physics and improved the telescope |
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| dicovered the laws of gravity, invented the reflecting telescope, and wrote Principia |
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| wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body |
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| nickname of Bombast Van Hohenheim; he established the use of chemicals in treatment of illness |
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| called "Father of Experimental Biology"; he discovered that the heart alone acts as a pump |
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| first to publish the law of inverse gas pressure which means that increasing pressure upon a gas reduces its volume, while lessening the pressure causes the volume to expand |
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| discovered ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide, hydrocloric acid, and carbon dioxide |
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| maker of the Mercator map |
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| people exalted their reason to a place higher than the Bible |
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| 1) Existing knowledge is inadequate 2) make observations 3) seek patterns in observations 4) choose the most appropriate conclusion to explain your conclusion 5) Verify by futher experimentation |
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| Who supported the geocentric theory and called those who accepted the heliocentric theory heretics? |
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Definition
| the Roman Catholic Church |
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| What did the modern concepts of chemistry develop from? |
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| What English philosopher was one of the leading advocates of the inductive method of reasoning? Give the name of his important book. |
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Definition
| Francis Bacon, Novum Organum |
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| Define pantheism. who was the leading advocate of the pantheistic veiw? |
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| Everything is part of "God", Baruch Spinoza |
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| What were the most prominent spokesmen of the "enlightened" attitude called? What country were they from? |
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| What aspect of English government did the French philosopher Montsquieu credit as aiding political liberty? What famous work did he write? |
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| the seperation of the three powers of government, The Spirit of Laws |
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| What aspects of biblical Christianity did some Enlightenment philosophers and scientists reject? What became the new religion of the Age of Reason? |
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| they rejected the supernatural, ridiculing both the miracles and prophetic elements, Deism which said God was its cause or Achitect but he doesn't intervene anymore |
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| made deductive reasoning which was the idea that through careful logic men could arrive at another, more complex truth |
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| idea that all knowledge comes from experience |
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| leading figure in the Enlightenment |
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| edited the Encyclopedia which spread the ideas of the philosphes |
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| reason is the only sure source of knowledge and truth |
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| reasoning from specific to general |
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| What all did the philsophes do or believe? |
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| they were social critics/reformers, who challenged established values; they tried to get society to mold to their ideas, they promoted religious toleration and freedom of speech, they mistakenly believed that things could be made perfect; they thought that historically religious beliefs restricted peoples' freedom to think and express themselves |
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| Who was Rousseau? What did he write? What did it say? |
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| he was a politcal writer, he wrote The Social Contract, it said the government should carry out the general will of the people; general will means majority rule |
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| List three major Pietist leaders in Germany. |
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| Philipp Spener, August Francke, and Nikolaus von Zinzendorf |
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| Who was the founder of the Methodists and probably the best know revival preacher? |
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| What man is known as "The Father of English Hymnody"? What man is considered the greatest English hymn writer of all time? |
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| Isaac Watts, Charles Wesley |
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| What was the name of the spiritual revival in America that climaxed in the 1740s? |
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| What man from Massachusetts was the most famous preacher during this American revival? What famous semon did he deliver? |
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| Jonathan Edwards, "Sinners on the Hands of an Angry God" |
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| a term of ridicule for those who gathered together of Bible study |
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| One of John Wesley's contemporaries |
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| What artistic age spanning from 1600 to 1750 is characterized by its grand, heroic, sensual, and emotional style? |
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| baroque age (meaning irregular) |
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| Who was one of the most famous architacts of the seventeenth century? What did he design? |
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| Giovanni Bernini, beautiful fountains for Roman plazas |
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| List three characteristics of the rococo style? |
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| refined elegance, delicate, and feminine |
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| Who is the most famous composer of oratories of this period? What is his best-known and best-loved oratorio? |
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| George Frederick Handel, Messiah |
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| Who wrote Robinson Crusoe? Of what literary form was this book a forerunner? |
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| Daniel Defoe, modern novel |
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| prevalent artistic style in the sixteenth century |
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| painted in the Mannerism style which means the people he painted had elongated bodies and limbs |
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| popularized the baroque style |
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| greatest Dutch painter of all time; he painted wtih a contrasting light and dark technique called chiaroscuro |
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| leading French rococo painter |
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| new classic; art was orderely and balanced |
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| music with several melody lines of equal importance |
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| music with one basic melody line and several supporting harmony parts |
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| leading Italian composer famous for his operas |
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| musical compositions for solo singers, chorus, and ochestra that tell a story |
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| was a prolific composer, composed Passion According to St. Matthew |
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| played major role in setting the style for classical music |
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| musical genius from classical age who wrote The Marriage of Figaro (opera) and, Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute |
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| French playwright who wrote comedies |
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| Englishman who wrote satires; master of verse; known for his quote "To err is human to forgive is devine" |
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| Englishman who wrote satires; master of prose; known for his story titled Gulliver's Travels |
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| English writer who wrote Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
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| T/F? Art, music, and literature of the Age of Reason was characterized by imitation of the classical works of earlier times? |
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| List four evidences of the influence of the Wesley/Whitefield revivals on England and the American colonies |
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