Term
| Which of the following is not one of the three parts of the pharynx - oropharynx, hyopharynx, laryngopharynx, nasopharynx |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the skull does the pharynx attach to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle constrictor muscle of the pharynx is mainly off what bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx is mainly off what cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
| The longitudinal muscles of the pharynx that pulls the pharynx up when swallowing |
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Definition
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Term
| The longitudinal muscles of the pharynx that starts at the hard palate |
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Definition
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Term
| The longitudinal muscles of the pharynx that equalises pressure between the pharynx and middle ear |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscles of the pharynx are supplied by branches of these nerves |
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal and vagus |
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Term
| One of the arteries that may be at risk when operating on the tonsils |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the arteries that may be at risk when operating on the tonsils |
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Definition
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Term
| The palatine, tubal, lingual tonsils, and adenoids form what lymphatic structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Any food passing over the laryngeal opening should cause what to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve supply to the larynx is associated with the cough reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phase of swallowing do you reduce food to a bolus and position it for transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phase of swallowing does the epiglottis begin to "downfold" and laryngeal closure starts from the bottom up? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which phase of swallowing does peristalsis carry the bolus through the oesophagus to the stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| The epiglottis is made to close by the movement of what bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle between what two cartilages is different in males and females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles are the only abductors of vocal cords and thus will cause you to suffocate if they are paralysed? |
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Definition
| Posterior cricoarytenoids |
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Term
| What nerve supplies the posterior cricoarytenoids and if damaged will cause you to suffocate? |
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Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Term
| What nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscles above the true vocal folds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscles below the true vocal folds? |
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Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Term
| Does the basal ganglia send messages to the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc) or the oral part (VLo)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do the pons and cerebellum send messages to the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc) or the oral part (VLo)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are lower or upper motor neurons involved in reflexive movements? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do upper motor neurons directly innervate muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there vertical or horizontal connections between regions of the cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main descending pathway for an upper motor neuron? |
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Definition
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Term
| Which type of motor pathways involves voluntary movements and is under direct cortical control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of motor pathways involves posture and locomotion and is under brain stem control? |
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Definition
| Ventromedial motor pathways |
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Term
| Are things controlling distal parts of the body (eg hands and fingers) medial or lateral to those controlling proximal parts (eg shoulder)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the decussaion point for the medial/ventral corticopspinal tract (10-20% of neurons)? |
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Definition
| Spinal cord at level of lower motor neurons |
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Term
| What is the decussaion point for the corticobulbar tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| From a common set of neurons in primary motor cortex two tracts descend in close proximity. Which is the direct pathway? |
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Definition
| Lateral corticospinal tract |
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Term
| From a common set of neurons in primary motor cortex two tracts descend in close proximity. Which is the indirect pathway? |
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Definition
| Cortico-rubrospinal tract |
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Term
| What major tract controls the muscles of facial expression, mastication, and swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What major tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord, and then to trunk and limb muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| The corticospinal tract goes through what area of the internal capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are ventral or lateral corticospinal fibres already crossed? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main bunch of neurons from the spinothalamic tract and spinoreticular tract head to what area of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the two nuclei in the brainstem where all information eventually reaches |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the two nuclei in the brainstem where all information eventually reaches |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the gracile and cuneate nucleus are located |
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Definition
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Term
| The dorsal column nucleus that participates in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk |
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Definition
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Term
| The dorsal column nucleus that recieves fine touch and proprioceptive information from the upper body (above T6, except the face and ear |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more medial in the medulla - the gracile or cuneate nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unami detects foods high in what macro? |
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Definition
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Term
| T1R2 and T1R3 tastebuds encode for what property of food and drink |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the bumps on the tongue called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What papilla are found in the most anterior region of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What papilla are found in the middle region of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What papilla are found in the most posterior region of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most numerous & smallest papillae, that also contain no taste buds? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which papilla are much larger than any of others |
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Definition
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Term
| Which papilla are the least numerous |
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Definition
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Term
| Do you get APs from taste bud cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the three major classes of taste cells is just a straight population of ion channels that sits on outer surface, and is sensitive directly to conc of Na+? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the three major classes of taste cells has glutamate receptor ion channels, is not associated with a particular ion, and runs on second messenger cascades, principally going to release intracellular Ca |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the three major classes of taste cells is based on acid concentration and detects it 2 ways - acid will permeated the membrane and get into the cell; if acid conc gets high enough the H+ can drive an ion gated channel |
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Definition
| Type III presynaptic cell |
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Term
| The three major classes of taste cells are identified by their expression of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sweet, bitter, and umami are mediated by what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Salt and sour are mediated by what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| The human T1R2-T1R3 receptor detects what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance blocks salt taste sensation? |
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Definition
| Amiloride (K+ sparring diuretic) |
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Term
| Taste in the epiglottis region is via which cranial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory receptor cells are what type of neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average lifespan of an olfactory cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the Cl- channel opens on an olfactory cell, does Cl- go in or out of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides the thalamus, where else do olfactory bulbs project to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Olfactory information can be found in which area of the brain? |
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Definition
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