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Biotech Second Test
biotech
41
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/07/2011

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Cards

Term
Eukaryotes
Definition

smaller/simpler

DNA is NOT located in nucleus

Lack membrand bound organelles

CELL WALL

CAPSULE

Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
composes cell wall in prokaryotic bacteria
Term
capsule
Definition
outer layer of carbohydrates that is only located in eukaryotic bacteria
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition

plant and animal cells

simple celled organisms

protozoan amoebas

Term
Microbe shapes
Definition

Cocci-spherical

bacili- rod shaped

corkscrew/spiral

Term
Vaccine
Definition
a preparation of microbes or its products that stimulate the production of antibodies
Term
antigen
Definition
any substance that can stimulate antibody production
Term
Subunit Vaccine
Definition
created with PARTS of pathogen
Term
attenuated vaccine
Definition
created with live pathogens that have been WEAKENED
Term
Inactivated Vaccines
Definition
created from DEAD pathogens
Term
Bioilluminescence
Definition
the ability of an organism to create natural light
Term
Lux Gene
Definition

a reporter gene that forms the enzyme Luciferase

enzyme allows for bioilluminesence

Term
Plant Trangenesis
Definition

gene transfer to a plant from another species

Advantages:

crops can grow faster, live longer, produce more, resist disease, etc.

Term
Antisense technology
Definition

Inhibits TRANSLATION

antisense PG mRNA binds to snese PG mRNA

PG is not translated into PG protein

FLAVR SAVR TOMATO

Term
Polygalacturonase
Definition
digestive protein in a tomato that makes it rot
Term
Cry gene
Definition

produces a CRYSTAL protein (Ct) that kills bugs

 used instead of spraying crops

Term
Avidin
Definition

Gene that blocks the availability of BIOTIN(allows insects to grow)

used to keep crops safe during storage

 

Term
3 Animal Models
Definition

Polio Vaccine

Cataract Surgery Techniques

Dialysis

Term
Cell Culture
Definition

Alternative method

checks for toxicity 

but cannot tell the outcome on organism

Term
Computer Models
Definition

answer fundamental questions about biology

limited programming/tech

Term
3 R's of Biotech
Definition

REDUCE-amount of hight level org.

REPLACE- animal subjects whenever possible

REFINE- research tech. to make it humane

Term
Phases of Testing
Definition

1) Test in cell cultures

2)Test with live animals

3)Test on human participants

Term
Clone
Definition
a group or organisms or cells produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical
Term
Embryo Twinning
Definition
splitting embryos in half
Term
Adult Clonning
Definition

DNA from donor Cell must be inserted into egg

Egg is prepared by enucleation

DNA of donor cell is put into egg cell

Embryo is transferred to surrogate mother for gestation

Term
Limits of Cloning
Definition

donor cell must come from living organism

clones are not identical

low success rate

get old quickly

Term
Retrovirus-mediated Transgenics
Definition

Infecting mouse embryos with retroviruses before the embryos are implanted

Disadvantage-size of transgene is limited

Term
Pronuclear microinjection
Definition

introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of developement of the zygote

DNA is injectied directly into nucleus of egg or sperm

Term
Embryonic Stem Cell Method
Definition
embryonic stem cells are mixed with DNA and will absorb the DNA
Term
Sperm-mediated Transfer
Definition
uses linker proteins to attach DNA to sperm cells
Term
Gene Gun
Definition
shoots dna directly into plant
Term
EnviroPig
Definition

expresses the enzyme phytase in its siliva

 

it is deemed enviromentally friendly because it produces substantially less phophorus in its urine and feces than do non transgenic pig

Term
DNA Fingerprinting
Definition

an analysis of an individuals unique DNA composition as a characteristic marker or fingerprint for identification purposes

 

Term
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Definition

requires large amounts of DNA

DNA must NOT be degraded

type of DNA testing

Term
PCR-based testing
Definition

requires less DNA

DNA can be degraded

very sensitive to contamination

Term
VNTR's
Definition

Variable Number Tandem Repeats

Inherited from mother and father

unique to person

16 or more bps

Term
STR's
Definition

Short Tandem Repeats

short repeating sequences of DNA

aka. microsatellites

are a type of VNTR

1-6 bps

Term
Loci
Definition
the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome
Term
Ginseng
Definition
DNA fingerprinting is used to tell difference between Asian and North American types of ginseng
Term
Wine
Definition

used to determine genealogy of grapes used for wine

cabernet sauvignon

Term
Mitochandrial DNA
Definition

mtDNA can be used to test DNA from samples that can't be analyzed by FRLP or STR

only transferred MATERNALLY

therefore can trace maternal parentage through mtDNA

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