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Definition
| -catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions in biological environments |
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Term
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Definition
| -anything that can lower the activation energy without being consumed by the reaction |
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Definition
-necessary for life
-genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis)
-diagnostic tools (creatine kinase)
-drugs that interact with enzymes (statins)
-food processing and chemical industry
-biological weapons |
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Definition
-MOST enzymes are proteins
-usually make or break a covalent bond
-highly selective
-highly specific |
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Definition
| -catalyzing only 1 reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| -bind only 1 specific substrate |
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| within the active site and participate in catalytic reactions and help hold substrate in place |
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Definition
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| non-covalent interactions |
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Definition
-electrostatic
-h-bonds
-van der waals
-hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules in a liquid will collide and bounce off one another |
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Term
| rate of enzyme-substrate contact depends on |
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Definition
| movement and concentration of substrate |
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Term
| enzymes speed up reactions by selectively stabilizing the |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-catalyze oxidation-reduction reaction
-oxidation state of one or more atoms is altered
-involves transfer of 1-2 electrons
-95% of the time oxygen or hydrogen are added/removed
-ex. disulfram |
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Definition
-catalyze transfer of molecular groups from a donor to an acceptor
-ex. carboxyl,carbonyl,methyl,phsophoryl,acyl |
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Definition
-catalyze hydro lysis reactions
-cleavage of bonds is done by addition of water
-CO, CN, OP bonds usually
-ex. Saquinavir (HIV enzyme inhibitor) |
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Term
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Definition
-catalyze the cleavage/formation of CC, CO, CN bonds by other means than hydrolysis/oxidation
-almost always associated with double bonds
-ex. Acetazolamide (Diamox) |
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Term
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Definition
-Diamox
-carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
-acute motion sickness
-glaucoma
-edema |
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Term
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Definition
-catalyze intramolecular rearrangement
-isomerase-rearranges isomers (move atom)
-mutase-intramolecular functional group (moving molecules)
-ex. quinilone antibiotics(cirpofloxacin/moxifloxican) (DNA gyrase) |
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Definition
-catalyze covalent bond formation
-require ATP |
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Definition
-additional non protein required for enzyme activity
-metal ions
-coenzymes |
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Term
| metal ions (essential ions) |
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Definition
-1/3 enzymes require
-metal-activated enzymes
-metalloenzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-metal is loosely bond (reversible)
-usually alkali/alkaline earth metals
-metal plays a role in substrate binding and enzyme structure
-multiple metal binding sites on enzyme
-ex. hexokinase |
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Term
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Definition
-metal is TIGHTLY bound-covalent
-usually transition metals
-metal plays a role in catalytic activity
-usually one metal binding site |
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| metal activated cofactors |
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Definition
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-small ORGANIC molecules
-possess reactive groups that are not found on amino acid side chains
-can act as carriers for substrate molecules
-necessary for enzyme activity but not true catalysts
-chemically changed by reaction
-must be regenerated before being used again |
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Definition
-classified based on binding strength (cosubstrates/prosthetic groups)
-most are vitamins |
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Definition
-loosely bound
-often transfer mobile metabolic groups or energy source among molecules
-act as substrates
-changed during the reaction,dissociates |
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Definition
-tightly bound
-remain bound during and after reaction
-changed during the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| NAD+ and NADP+ vitamin source |
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Definition
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Term
| coenzyme A vitamin source |
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Definition
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Definition
| folate (folic acid,vit B9) |
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| FMN and FAD vitamin source |
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