Term
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Definition
most abundant biomolecules
ch2o |
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Term
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Definition
-energy source
-structural elements (cellulose, chitin)
-cellular communication
-precursors in production of other biomolecules |
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Term
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Definition
-3-10 monosaccharides
common in glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
-11 or more monosaccharides (polymers)
-not very soluble (ideal for energy storage) |
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Term
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Definition
-protein and lipid molecules with covalently linked carbohydrate groups
- |
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Term
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Definition
| monosaccharide containing 3 carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| monosac containing 4 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| monosac containing 5 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| monosac containing 6 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
-have ketone or aldehyde functional group
-hydroxyl group on most or all non-carbonyl carbons
-most become cyclic in aqueous solution |
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Term
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Definition
-aldose
-primary fuel for living cells |
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Term
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Definition
-ketose
-referred to as fruit sugar
-twice as sweet as sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
-aldose
-necessary for synthesis of various biomolecules |
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Term
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Definition
-genetic disorder
-enzyme to metabolize galactose is missing
-galactose and derivatives accumulate causing liver damage, cataracts and retardation |
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Term
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Definition
-bonded by a glycosidic linkage (1,4)
-too large to pass through cell membranes (therefore broken down by hydrolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
-table sugar
-disac of glucose and fructose
-synthesized only in plants |
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Term
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Definition
-dimer of glucose
-released during hydrolysis of starch
-present in malt |
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Term
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Definition
-galactose and glucose
-milk sugar
-synthesized in mammary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme required to hydrolyze the beta 1,4 linkage and digest lactose |
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Term
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Definition
-reservoir in plants
-2 polysaccharides (amylose and amlylopectin) |
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Term
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Definition
-polysac of unbranched chains
-typically several thousand glucose residues |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-carb storage molecule in vertebrates
-greatest abundance in liver and muscle cells
-more compact than other polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
-class of carb-protein conjugates
-found on cell surface and in extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
-class of carb-protein conjugates
-antibodies and other immune proteins, many hormones, structural proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrate-lipid conjugates |
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Term
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Definition
-contain C, H, O and sometimes P
-triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, eiconsanoids |
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Term
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Definition
| cell membrane components, energy storage, hormones, vitamins, pigments, surface protection |
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Term
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Definition
-neutral fats- solid fats and liquid oils
-large nonpolar molecules
-stored in adipocytes
-composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule |
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Term
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Definition
-modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol)
-backbone of phospholipid molecule |
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Term
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Definition
-monocarboxylic acids typically containing hydrocarbon chains 12-20 carbons long
-numbered from c in c. acid |
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Term
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Definition
-3 fatty acids are bound to glycerol by dehydration synthesis
-3 water molecules formed |
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Term
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Definition
-energy storage (more reduced than carbs, energy released via oxidation, more energy released on oxid. than carbs)
-insulation
-protection under skin |
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Term
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Definition
-single bonds b/w C atoms (max # of H)
-solid animal fats, butter |
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Term
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Definition
-1 or more double bonds b/w C atoms
-1 double bond = monounsaturated
-multi-double bonds = polyunsaturated (plant oils, olive oil) |
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Term
| clinical application of trans fats |
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Definition
-unsaturated fats w/trans-isomer fatty acid
-artificially hydrogenated (causes formation conversion of cis to trans DB)
-raises LDL, lowers HDL = heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
-glycerol + 2 fatty acids and phosphorus (polar head) containing group
-head: polar
-tail: nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
-interlocking 4-ring structure
-ex. cholesterol, vit d, steroid hormones, bile salts |
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Term
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Definition
-most important steroid
-liver can produce some
-in all cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
-hormones that regulate sodium and other ion concentrations in body
-aldosterone |
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Term
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Definition
-hormones that regulate metabolic processes
-cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
-emulsifying agents that influence fat absorption
-cholic acid |
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Term
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Definition
-comprise dna and rna (largest molecules in body)
-C, O, H, N, P
-building block = nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
-nitrogenous base
-pentose sugar
-phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
-adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
-deoxyribose (2 carbon) |
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Term
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Definition
-adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
-ribose |
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Term
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Definition
-double-stranded helical molecule in nucleus
-instructions for protein synthesis
-replicates before cell division |
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Term
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Definition
-single-stranded molecule outside nucleus
-messenger, transfer, ribosomal RNA |
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