Term
|
Definition
| reticular hypothesis --> all cells in the brain were connected and a cytoplasmic goo went all through the brain, through which information travelled. Won a nobel prize because his golgi stain allowed them to confirm that cajal was right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron Doctrine --> made up of individual cells, and each cell had its own separate identity and it released something to interact with other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. The brain is composed of separate cells that are independent of one another.
2. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across tiny gaps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| little spidery things coming off of the cell body. they take in information from cells around them, then convey it to the cell body which has to integrate all of the information and decide from all of the competing information if it should fire or not. If the decision is go, the electrical info will be conducted down the axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spidery things at the opposite end of the cell body. they are the output zones, each terminal synapses onto another cell's dencdrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| big sphere in the middle of the cell body. it creates and stores DNA |
|
|
Term
| ____ communicates what the DNA wants the cell to do, and it communicates with the _____ which produces _____ (which create proteins). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the whole system of the cell body is designed to make more _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide the most structure for a neuron |
|
|
Term
| There are 3 filaments --> |
|
Definition
| microfilaments, neurofilaments and microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| Describe briefly what happens in the synapse. |
|
Definition
| there are NT stored in mitochondria and vesicles which fuse to the outside of the axon terminal and spill the NTs into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every neuron has an input zone, it is where they receive information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the decision to fire is summed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where sending of information occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the cell body there are many branches and those branches send out the dendrites. often seen in motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the cell body there is one branch that sprouts dendrites and one branch with axon terminals. often seen in sensory systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell body only has one branch that splits, one side is dendrites and one side goes to axon terminal. often found in the spinal cord and is associated with input of reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory, Motor and interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conveying information to your brain from yours senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide output and movement, get your muscles to do things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| try to regulate action of the sensory and motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Glial Cells - Oligodendrocytes |
|
Definition
| only in the CNS. they provide myelin which covers axons... this is the "white matter" you see. Each oligodendrocyte cell is connected to a bunch of different neurons so it provides connections. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space between each little section, where the axon is exposed...this speeds up the firing process |
|
|
Term
| Glial cells: Schwann cells |
|
Definition
| do the same as oligodendrocytes but they provide myelin fro the PNS and each cell only wraps around one neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only in the CNS. their main job is to provide energy and nutrients to a neuron... most of them synapse directly on to blood vessels. they get the good stuff out of the blood for the neuron. They help communicate and control blood flow between neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Only in the CNS. the paramedics of the nervous system...wherever there is damage or something going wrong in the nervous sysem, the microglia go to that area and try to fix/clean up the damage.
Often work with astrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Inside every axon there is a ____ charge, outside of every axon there is a _____ charge. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the charge inside of an axon at resting potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Distribution of anions and cations...
outside the cell there are -->
inside the cell there are ---> |
|
Definition
sodium, calcium and chloride ions
potassium, negatively charged proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement to the area of less concentration. go from higher to lower concentration gradients until it is all even |
|
|
Term
| diffusion through semipermeable membranes |
|
Definition
| some ions diffuse through, and others do not |
|
|
Term
| Movement of ions: Electrostatic forces |
|
Definition
| two positives repel (or two negatives) and a negative and a positive attract each othe |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular fluid is _____ charged, where as intracellular fluid is ______ charged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sodium potassium pump |
|
Definition
helps to maintain the negative charge within the cell at resting potential...
for every 3 sodium ions that are spit out, 2 potassiums are taken in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they stay closed until an action potential happens. they have extracellular fluid (so they are positive)...most of these channels are closed until the voltage changes and they open to allows tons of positive ions to rush in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tell the neuron to fire and increase the voltage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tell neurons not to fire and help keep it negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tell neurons not to fire and help keep it negative |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential |
|
Definition
| causes lots of sodium to rush into the cell...in order for it to fire it has to cross a threshold...if it gets enough sodium coming in to cross the threshold it will fire.... voltage gated channels will open and the depolarization happens within a millisecond |
|
|
Term
| inhibitory post synpatic potential |
|
Definition
| makes the neuron slightly more negative, allowing chloride ions into the cell... nothing really happens it just tells the cell not to fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sodium channels open and sodium rushes in
the cell is depolarized enough as it reaches the threshold
all of the voltage gated ion channels open and let sodium rush in
the potassium channels open and potassium is rushed out of the cell
sodium channels close after 1 or 2 milliseconds, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the myelin helps increase speed of communication from cell bodies to axon terminals. the depolarization only has to happen at each node of ranvier |
|
|
Term
| Action potential is the _____ portion of in-cell communication. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most communication in the cell is _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deactivation of neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
| when neurotransmitters are released into cells, they bind to post synaptic receptors...enzymes swoop in and deactivate the NTs unless they have reached a receptor. Reuptake receptors in the pre-synaptic neuron suck NT back in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are fast.
a receptor protein in the postsynaptic membrane in which the recognition site is lovated in the same structure as the ion channel. A receptor protein that forms part of a ligand-gated ion channel, so that binding of ligand (e.g. a hormone or neurotransmitter) to the receptor causes opening of the channel, permitting ions to flow through it.
ligand gated channels only open when ligands bind to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are slow, a protein structure embedded in the postsynaptic membrane containing a recognition site and a G protein. NTs binding to these receptors do not directly open ion channels. the g protein moves to another part of the postsynaptic cell and opens a gate or activates additional chemical messengers called second messengers |
|
|
