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Biology
Homeostasis, Reflex Responses and Disease. All that fun stuff
32
Biology
12th Grade
06/21/2011

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Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The mainenance of a stable internal environment in the face of changes in either the internal or external environment. Occurs in all living things!
Term
Receptors
Definition
RECEPTORS RESPOND! Specialised structures capable of responding to a specific stimuli by initiating signals in the nervous system or by triggering the release of a hormone from the endrocrine system.
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Detect chemicals in the external environment through the senses of touch and smell. Stimulated by SPECIFIC chemicals in internal or external environment. Monitor leves of important substances in for example blood
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Respond to very small forces that change the shape of the sensory neuron (compressed, stretched, vibrated.
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Contain pigments that absorb light
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Detect heat and cold. When located near the surface they give an indication of the surrounding environmental temperature. Others deep down monitor internal temperature
Term
MISALIGNMENT DETECTORS
Definition
Monitor a factor of the internal environment, detecting when it becomes unbalanced.
Term
Disturbance Detectors!!
Definition
Respond to changes in the environments and warn of problems before they arise.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
Motor activity, sensory input, speech, sight, hearing
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Maintains homeostatsis
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Think SARAH has no coordination. Cerebellum is involved in the coordination of muscular activity including posture, balance and movement
Term
Brainstem
Definition
ORGANS, heart, blood vessels, lung ventilation
Term
The peripheral nervous system is broken down into:
Definition
Somatic (voluntary), Autonomic (involuntary)
Term
Autonomic breaks into:
What do these do
Definition
Sympathetic: Increase energy use and prepares body for action
Parasypmathetic: enhances activities that conserve energy, eg. digestion and slowing the heart rate
Term
Interneurons
Definition
CNS. Allow for increased integration of information received from all parts of the body.
Term
Function of nerve cell and the way they conduct signals (3 steps)
Definition
1. Generation of a nerve impuls
2. Conduction of an impulse along axons
3. Chemical transmission of a signal to another cell across a synapse
Term
Explain the 'all or none' law
Definition
Movement of ions across a membrane causes a change in the level of polarisation. This change can trigger a response. In an individual neuron, the action potential does not vary in size. The intial stimulus is either sufficent to generate an action potential or not. ALL or NONE
Term
Speed of conduction
Definition
Allose more rapid responses to stimuli. Increased diameter and increased insulation decreases resistance
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream which carries them through the body
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Execute Ducks!! Excrete hormones via a duct directly to the site of action.
Term
Pituitary Gland:
Hypothalamus:
Definition
-Hormones
- collection centre for body's wellbeing, uses this info to regulate hormone release from pituitary
Term
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Definition
A response that restores the original state.
Term
Negative feedback organisms control what to to maintain...? (4 points)
Definition
- General metabolism, blood flow to tissues, muscle activity and sweating : regulate body temperature
- Excretion: maintain correct water and salt balance of internal body fluids
- Digestion, storage and mobilisation of nutrients: appropriate nutrient levels (glucose etc)
- Lung ventilation and circulation: oxygen to tissues and removal of co2 for appropriate pH levels
Term
Ectotherm
Endotherm
Definition
Ectotherm: OUTSIDE HEAT, generally unable to raise their temperature by internal heat production
Endotherm: Maintain a relatively constant body temperature despite their environment.
Term
Ectotherm
Endotherm
Definition
Ectotherm: OUTSIDE HEAT, generally unable to raise their temperature by internal heat production
Endotherm: Maintain a relatively constant body temperature despite their environment.
Term
read over page 329
Definition
memorise graphs
Term
Hypo=low and therefore.....
Definition
hyper= high read pages 328, 329, 330, top of 331
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Prokaryotic (lack of nucleus), Most are heterotrophs, Reproduce rapidly, many are parasites EG. Tetanus, thyphoid
Term
Protozoans
Definition
Flagellates, Sporozoans, Sarcodinians. Those that are pathogenic cause diseases such as malaria, sleep sickness.
Term
Pathogenic
Definition
An organism that cause disease
Term
Non specific Defence
Definition
Act in a general way to protect against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms
Term
Immune Responses
Definition
Specific. Provide a defensive response directed against a particular pathogenic organism
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