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Biology
FINALS!
116
Biology
9th Grade
06/01/2009

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Term
What is ecology?
Definition
The study of interactions between different organisms and thier enviroment.
Term
What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors?
Definition

Abiotic=nonliving parts of enviroment

Biotic=all living organism in an enviroment

Term
Place the following terms in the correct order, from smallest to largest: organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
Definition
Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere. 
Term
What is the difference between camouflage and mimicry?
Definition
Camoflauge allows organism to blend in with enviroment and mimicry allows oranism to resmeble a different species.
Term
What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?
Definition
A habitat is area where an organism lives and a niche is the role of an organism in its enviroment.
Term
Define mutualism.
Definition
Both organisms in relationship benefit.
Term
Define commensalism.
Definition
One organism benefits but the other organism is unaffected.
Term
Define parasitism.
Definition
One organism is benefited but the other organism is harmed.
Term
Define autotroph.(example)
Definition
Organisms that make their own food for energy. Ex:?
Term
Define heterotroph.(example)
Definition
Organism that must feed on other organisms for energy. Ex:?
Term
Define carnivore.(example)
Definition
Organism that eat only other organisms. Ex:?
Term
Define herbivore.(example)
Definition
Organism that eats only plants. Ex:?
Term
Define omnivore.(example)
Definition
Organism that eats plants and animals. Ex:?
Term
Define scavenger.(example)
Definition
Organism that feeds of flesh of organism. Ex:?
Term
Define decomposer.(example)
Definition
Organism that breaks down and asorbs nutrients from dead organism. Ex:?
Term
Briefly describe the steps involved in the water cycle?
Definition
Has four steps which are water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phospurus cycle.
Term
What is carrying capacity?
Definition
Largest number of an organism of a species an enviroment can hold.
Term
What is the difference between biogenesis and spontaneous generation.
Definition
Spontaneous is the belief that living comes from nonliving and biogenesis is belief that living comes from other living organisms.
Term
Describe the endosymbiotic theory.
Definition
  1. Large anaerobic prokaryots ingest small aerobic prokaryots
  2. Over time aerobic prokaryot become mitochondria
  3. Aerobic prokaryot injest cynobacteria that forms into chloraplast
Term
Who was Charles Darwin?
Definition
Naturalist and credited for the theory of evolution.
Term
What is an adaptation?
Definition
Variation that is different in individuals of the same species.
Term
What determines which variations are selected for or against?
Definition
The enviroment.
Term
Define fossils.
Definition
 Remains of life from earlyer times. *MOST IMPORTANT*(for evidence of evolution)
Term
Define homologous structures.
Definition
Parts with a common origin.
Term
Define vestigal structures.
Definition
Parts with no current function but functional in ancestors.
Term
Define DNA.
Definition
Similar DNA sequences show close relationship.
Term
Define embryology.
Definition
Study of organism in early stages.
Term
Define stabilizing.
Definition
Reduces variation in population.
Term
Define directional.
Definition
Leads to rapid variation.
Term
Define disruptive.
Definition
Has no immeadiate form.
Term
What is a species?
Definition
A group of organisms that look alike and interbreed to produce fertile offspring.
Term
Name and describe the locations that lead to making of a new species. Be able to recognize differences.
Definition

Geographical Isolation-seperated by physical barrier Ex:river

Behavoirl-difference in courtships ritual or dont respond to mating signals Ex:?

Temporal-species reproduce at different times of the year Ex:?

Term
What is a virus?
Definition
A disease causing pathogen.
Term
What is a host cell? What are receptor sites?
Definition
A host cell is in order for a virus to reproduce and a recpetor site is when a virus wants to attach to a cell and recognizes the receptors.
Term
How are lytic and lysogenic cycles different?  Which one is more harmful - lytic or lysogenic?
Definition
They are different because the lysogenic cycle is faster and infects cells more without them knowing and lysogenic is more harmful.
Term
What is a provirus and during which cycles does it form?
Definition
Viral DNA tha becomes part of a cell and lysogenic cycle.
Term
What is a retrovirus?  What enzyme is used to make DNA from RNA in retrovirus?
Definition
Virus with RNA as its genetic material and reverse transcript enzymes.
Term
How are HIV and AIDs related.
Definition
HIV virus causes AIDs.
Term
Trace the path of air as it moves thorugh the respitory system by placing the structures in order.
Definition
  1. nose/mouth-cilia and mucus traps foreign materials
  2. pharynx-area comment food and air
  3. epiglotis-small flap preventing food from entering into the lungs
  4. larynx-voice box
  5. trachea-tube connecting pharynx to lungs
  6. bronchus-branching of trachea in lungs
  7. bronchioles-smaller branchers of bronchi through out lungs
  8. alveoli-sac of capillaries
Term
How can humans fight viral infections?
Definition
Vacination.
Term
What do bacteria need in order for them to grow.
Definition
Host cell.
Term
How are bacteria beneficial?
Definition
Fertilizer, medicine, food, industry.
Term
What is a zone of inhibition?
Definition
The area around paperdisks were no other microorganisms are showing.
Term
What is the functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Cordinates and controls body responses to internal and external enviroment.
Term
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Definition
Transmit chemical mesgs. to control growth development and metabolism.
Term
What is the function of the digestive system?
Definition
Breaks down food for energy and nutrients.
Term
What is the function of the ciculatory system?
Definition
Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells in body.
Term
What is the function of the excretory system?
Definition
Removes waste, and maintains homeostasis.
Term
What are two major divisions of the nervous system?  What structures are associated with each.
Definition

CNS-Brain and spinal cord, relays, processes and anylyzes info

PNS-Carrys messages to and from CNS includes all nerves.

Term
What is the function of cerebrum.
Definition
In charge of voluntary activities, senses, intell, and judgement.
Term
 What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
Muscle cordination and balance.
Term
What is the function od the brain stem?
Definition
Relays information.
Term
What are the six major parts of a neuron?
Definition
  1. Denprite
  2. cell body
  3. nucleus
  4. axon
  5. myelin sheath
  6. axon terminal
Term
What is a synapse?  How do impulses travel from neuron to neuron if they do not touch?
Definition

Space between two neurons. 

  1. neurotrans put into vesicles
  2. vesicle travels to synapse and release neurotransmitter
  3. receptors recognize neurotran continue impulse
Term
Name the 3 types of neurons.
Definition
  1. sensory neuron
  2. interneuron
  3. motor neuron
Term
What structures are included in the integmuntary system?
Definition
?
Term
Name the five functins of the integumentary system.
Definition
Regulate body temp, senses, vitamins, removes wastes, protections of chemical damage.
Term
What is found in the epidermis.
Definition
Keratin protien, melanin.
Term
What is found in the dermis.
Definition
sebaceous, hair follicules.
Term
What is found in the subcutaneous layer?
Definition
Fat deposits, food.
Term
Name the common name of superclass agnatha.
Definition
Jawless fish.
Term
Describe how negative feedback loops control the amount of hormone released.
Definition
Adjusts to changes inside and outside body.  Maintains homeostasis.
Term
Where does light focus in 20/20 vision?
Definition
On retina.
Term
Where does light focus in nearsightness?
Definition
In front of retina.
Term
Where does light focus in farsightedness?
Definition
Behind retina.
Term
Put the following structures in order as light enters in the eye: cornea, lens, optic nerve, pupil, retina, rods and cones.
Definition
Cornea, pupil, lense, retina, rods, cones, optic nerve.
Term
Name the strucutres in order as soundwaves move through them.  Identify section of ear and where the structure is found.
Definition
  1. auditory canal(outer ear)-traps soundwaves
  2. eardrum(middle ear)-vibrates from soundwaves
  3. sochlea(inner ear)-coiled fluid-filled with nerve endings
  4. auditory canal(inner ear)-sends impulses to brain for interpreatation
Term
What are the receptors for taste?  What are the four taste sensations you can detect?
Definition
Taste buds.  Sweat, salty, bitter, sour.
Term
What are receptors for smell?
Definition
Olfactory cells.
Term
What is a pahtogen?
Definition
A disease causing agent.
Term
What are five nonspecific defenses your body uses to fight disease/infections?
Definition
Fever, mucus membrane, interferons, *skin*(most important), inflamatory response.
Term
What is the scientific term for white blood cells?
Definition
Lymphocytes.
Term
What is the difference between B-Cells and T-cells.
Definition
B cells are in humoral immunity and t-cells are in cell mediated immunity.
Term
Trace the pathway of waste material foune in the flood as it moves thorugh the excretory sytem.
Definition
  1. Renal arterys-sends waste and nutrients in blood to kidney
  2. kidney-filters blood to remove waste
  3. nephron-filtering unit; collects wast to form urine
  4. Ureter-tube transfering urine
  5. Urinary bladder-stores urine
  6. Uretha tube-pass urine outside os body
Term
For the digestive system, put the following structures in the correct order that food will pass.
Definition
  1. mouth-teeth break down food into small bits.-saliva moistens food.
  2. esophagus-tube connecting mouth to stomach
  3. stomach-mechanicle strong muscle churns contents.-chemical gastric juices digest protien in food at PH
  4. small intestine-villi small finger like proj asorbing food.-absorption of nutrients end in small intestine
  5. large intestine- remaining water, minerals, and vitamins.-indigestible food pushed through as feces to rectum
Term
Define plasma.
Definition
Liquid portion of blood.
Term
Define red blood cells.
Definition
Carrys O2 from lungs to body cells.
Term
Define white blood cells.
Definition
Defends body against diseases.
Term
Define platelets.
Definition
Cell fragments that help otu blood clot.
Term
Define arteries.
Definition
Large thick vessels, carry oxygenated blood away from heart.
Term
Define veins.
Definition
Large thick vessels, carry deoxygenated blood to heart.
Term
Define capillaries.
Definition
Tiny thin vessels, gases and nutrients diffude thorugh vessel walls into blood
Term
Trace the path of blood as it moves thorugh your heart by placing the following structures in order.
Definition
  1. oxygenated blood enters pulminary veins
  2. left atrium
  3. left ventricle
  4. aorta-blood goes out of body ( gets oxygenated)
  5. Deoxygenated blood enters superior vena cava
  6. inferior vena cava
  7.  right atrium
  8. right ventricle
  9. pulminary artery(blood sent lungs to get deoxygenated)
  10. oxygenated blood enters pulminary veins
Term
What are the five functions of the skeletal system.
Definition
Protection, makes red blood cells, stores minerals, movemnet, structureand support.
Term
How many bones are in the human body?
Definition
206
Term
Give an example of ball and socket.
Definition
Hip, shoulder.
Term
Give an example of gliding.
Definition
Wrist, ankle.
Term
Give example of hinge.
Definition
Elbowknee.
Term
Give an example of pivot.
Definition
Head and to 2 vertebrae, radius/ulna.
Term
What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?
Definition
A ligament connects bone to bone while a tendon connects muscle to bone.
Term
For the three types of muscles found in the human body, indicates where each is found and wether it is voluntary or involuntary.
Definition
Cardiac is found near the muscle/invluntary.  Skeletal attaches and moves bones/voluntary.  Smooth are internal organs and blood vessels/involuntary.
Term
What is the filament theory?  Of the 2 protien filaments in a sacromere, which move and which do not move.
Definition
Actin filaments slide toward each other to center od each other and myosin filaments do not move. Actin do.
Term
Name the common name of class chondrichthyes.
Definition
Cartilage fish.
Term
Name the common name of class osteichthyes.
Definition
Bony fish.
Term
What is the advantage of swim bladder and operculum in fish?  What class of fish has these features?
Definition
Controls depth by regulating amt of gas and osteichthyes.
Term
For the class amphibia, why are they still stuck to the water?
Definition
Because of there reproduction.
Term
In class reptilia, the evolution of what major structures allows them to live be completely land dwelling?
Definition
Emniotic eggs.
Term
Why are scales an advantage.
Definition
Protection and protect gills.
Term
In class aves, what are the adaptations that enable them to fly?  why is flight an advantage?
Definition
Hollow bones, wings, feathers.  Finding food, migration, escaping predator.
Term
List the major characteristics for class mammalia.
Definition
Four chamber heart, reproducting, teeth, hair and fur, mammary glands.
Term
What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?
Definition
Ectotherms is cold blooded and endotherms are warm blooded.
Term
What have both gills and lungs for respiration?
Definition
Amphibians.
Term
Who are first land dwellers?
Definition
Amphibians.
Term
Who have amniotic eggs?
Definition
Birds.
Term
Who were the first to have three chambered hearts?
Definition
Reptiles.
Term
Who have four chambered hearts?
Definition
Birds and mammals.
Term
Who have internal fertilization?
Definition
Mammals.
Term
Who undergoes metamorphis?
Definition
Reptiles amphibians and fishes.
Term
Who are all ectotherms.
Definition
Amphibians.
Term
Who are all endotherms?
Definition
Birds mammals.
Term
What are the levels of classification in order from largest to smallest?
Definition
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
Term
What is a binomial nomenclature?
Definition
Two word using system using latin.
Term
What are the rules used for giving a scientific name to an organism?
Definition
  1. use genus and species name
  2. only first letter of first word is capatalized
  3. name must be underlined or in italics to set it apart from other text
Term
Describe each type of skeleton:
Definition

Endoskeleton=structure is internal

exoskeleton=structual support is external

hydrostatic=no rigid structures for support

Term
How is an open circulatory system different from a closed circulatory system?
Definition
In open circulatory sytem blood is not always in vessels but in a closed circulatory sytem blood is always in vessels.
Term
What is the difference between bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry?  Give an example of each type of symmetry?
Definition

In a bilateral symmetry a single line divides body into two parts and in radial body parts repeat around center of body.

 

-Bilateral-worms

-radial-anemones

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