What are some guidelines for making a scientific table?

A. titles

B. columns and rows

C. best fit line

A. title

B. vertical and horizontal axis

C. best fit line

What is a hypothesis?  How does a hypothesis turn into a scientific theory?

• A hypothesis is a possible explanation based on observations
• A hypothesis can be tested and a theory cant

• neutrons, protons, electrons
• protons, neutrons

1. 2
2. 8
3. 18

• covalent bond, ionic bond, and hydrogen bond

• acid- substance forms H+ ions in water
• base- substance forms OH- ions in water

1. 0-3 strong acid
2. 4-7 weak acid
3. 7 neutral
4. 7-10 weak base
5. 11-14 strong base

What do you call a protein that speeds up chemical reactions?

• monomers

What chemical reaction forms macromolecules?

• condensation

What chemical reaction breaks down macromolecules?

• hydrolosis

1. carbohydrates- monosacchorides
2. protiens- amino acids
3. lipids- carboxy head and fatty acid trails
4. nucleic- nucleotide

• power of eyepiece times objective lens

What part of the microscope should never be used on high power?

• course adjustment

What is a cell?

• basic unit of all life

Converts light energy to chemical energy.

• chloroplast

Transports protiens.

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi apparatus

• Lysosome

• Mitochondria

Controls all activities of a cell.

• nucleus

• vacuoles

• cell wall
• chloroplast

What is the cell membrane made of?

• phospholipids

• cell membrane
• allows only ceartin materials to go in and out of cell

what are two types of transport?  What is the difference between the two?

• Active transport-uses energy
• passive transport-no energy

• defussion
•  faciliated defusion

• moves small and nonpolar molecules

• amount of molecules same everywhere

What term describes the amount of force the vacuole has on the cell membrane and cell wall?

• turgor pressure

• The movement of water from high concentration to low

• hypertonic- H2O moves into cell and cell expands
• hypotonic- H2O moves out of cell and cell shrinks
• isotonic- H2O moves into and out of cell and stays normal

• Plants stand tall and rigid
• vacuole not full and shrinks away from cell

• exocytosis- movement of large items into the cell using vacuoles
• endocytosis- movement of large items out the cell using vacuoles

What does ATP stand for?

• All the energy is stored in the third phosphate and to release the energy they break off the third phosphate

• process that uses light energy to make chemical energy in the form of glueclose
• 6CO2+6H2O+sunlight---->C6H12O6+6O2

• Pigment that traps light

• chlorophyll asorbs all light wave lenghts except green

• process that breaks down glueclose to make ATP energy
• C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+6H2O+ATP

• 38

• Aerobic- uses oxygen
• anaerobic- dosnt use oxygen

What is fermentation? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

• Anaerobic

• Aerobic because it makes 38 instead of anaerobic makes 2

• interphase

• Makes 2 new cells (identical)

• prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

Spindle fibers and centrioles fade, nuclear membrane reapears, cytoplasm splits, two somatic cells are made.

• telophase

• cytokonesis

• one has centrioles and the other doesn't
• one forms a cleavage furrow and the other forms a cleavage plate

• four non-identical cells

• Prophase I

• Metaphase I

• Anaphase I

• Telophase I

• crossing over

• four sperm cells
• one mature egg

• Making of offsprings from one parent and making of offspirng by combining gametes from two percent

What is a zygote?

• New cell formed after the joining of sperm and egg

•  passing of traits to offspring

• genetic make up of an organism describing genes
• the outward appearance of a gene determined by its genotype

• When alleles are different in the genotype or hybrid
• when both alleles in the genotype are alike or purebred

• mendel

• Incomplete dominance

• codominance

What is trait determined by more than one pair of alleles or more than one gene?

• polygenic trait

What do you call traits determined by three more alleles?

• multiple allele trait

• xx for females
• xy for males

• men

• colorblindness
• hemophelia

• chromosomes do not seperate during meiosis
• have an external chromosome or missing one

Describe the following chromosomal mutations.

• inversion-chromosome segment breaks off and reataches in reverse
• translocation-chromosome piece breaks off and gets added to a different chromosome

• individual who has only one copy of a recessive allele
• males
• ?

• pedigree

• Karyotype

• klinefelters syndrome

Individuals with mental retardation, muscle weakness, heart defects,  and short statures because they have three chromosomes at the 21st position due to nondisjuntion.

• downs syndrome

• huningtons disease

• blood test
• amino test
• chronic vili sampling

• Genetic engineering

• Medicine
• vacciles
• food
• plants

• deoxyribonucleic acid

• ribonucleic acid

• sugar
• phosphate
• nitrogen base

• adenine- thymine
• guanine-cytosine

• purine-two chemical rings, adenine and gunanine
• pyrimidies- cytosine, thymine 1 chemical ring

What type of chemical bond forms between sugar and phosphates?

• covalent bond

• hydrogen bond

• helix shape
• james watson, francis crick

• Each DNA has one old strand and one new starnd

• DNA-double stranded RNA-single stranded
• DNA-double helix RNA-coiled strand
• DNA-sugar deoxyribose RNA-sugar=ribose
• DNA-a,c,g,t bases RNA- a,g,c, and u bases

• mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

• transcription

• three mRNA nucleotides that code for one amino acid

• translation

• amino acids

What is a mutation? is it always harmful?

• yes
• no

• point mutation-one base is substituted in DNA
• frameshift mutation-a base is added or deleted

Write the complementary strand to the strand of DNA shown under the process of replication.

ATTCCGTCAAA

Write the complementary strand to the strand of DNA shown under the process of transcription.

ATTCCGTCAAA