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| is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life |
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| An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy |
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| An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition |
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| a unit of energy-producing potential in food, equal to one large calorie. |
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| The net movement of water and solutes from outside a cell or an organism to the interior |
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| Food is taken into the cell by an oral groove where small particles of the food are phagocytosed into food vacuoles. |
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| The opening or orifice of the anus where waste or fecal material is expelled |
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| as the name indicates, functions in both digestion and the distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body |
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| The mucous membrane-lined tube of the digestive system through which food passes, in which digestion takes place, and from which wastes are eliminated |
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| The opening at the lower end of the alimentary canal through which solid waste is eliminated from the body |
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| is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity |
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| sometimes known as the Gullet, is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach |
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| The enlarged, saclike portion of the alimentary canal, one of the principal organs of digestion, located in vertebrates between the esophagus and the small intestine |
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| The narrow, winding, upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed by the blood |
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| The portion of the intestine that extends from the ileum to the anus, forming an arch around the convolutions of the small intestine and including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. |
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| The terminal portion of the large intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal. |
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| •A modified muscular pouch behind the stomach in the alimentary canal of birds, having a thick lining and often containing ingested grit that aids in the breakdown of seeds before digestion. |
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| The watery mixture of secretions from the salivary and oral mucous glands that lubricates chewed food, moistens the oral walls, and contains ptyalin. |
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| A gland that secretes saliva, especially any of three pairs of large glands, the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual, whose secretions enter the mouth and mingle in saliva. |
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| Any of a group of enzymes that are present in saliva, pancreatic juice, and parts of plants and catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to sugar to produce carbohydrate derivatives |
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| The inactive precursor to pepsin, formed in cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach and converted to pepsin by autocatalysis in the presence of hydrochloric acid. |
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| •The process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated by the body. It is accomplished in the alimentary canal by the mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of foods into simpler chemical compounds. |
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| A large, reddish-brown, glandular vertebrate organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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| A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream. |
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| The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing. |
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| The wavelike muscular contractions of the alimentary canal or other tubular structures by which contents are forced onward toward the opening. |
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| A ringlike muscle that normally maintains constriction of a body passage or orifice and that relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. |
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| Hydrochloric acid secreted by parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach |
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| The thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum |
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| Of or relating to any of numerous minute intestinal lymph-carrying vessels that convey chyle from the intestine to lymphatic circulation and thereby to the thoracic duct |
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| are hairlike projections that cover the lining of the small intestine |
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| is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a variety of enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase |
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| is a sweet-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine |
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| is a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver |
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| is a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops embryologically |
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| is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix |
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