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| Idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms |
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| Physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago that scientists use to study the past; evidence may appear in rocks, amber, or ice |
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| Mistaken idea that life can arise from non-living materials |
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| the minimal amount of complexity a biological system may exhibit while still maintaining its primary function |
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| Two-word system developed by Carolus Linnaeus to name species; first word identifies the genus of the organism, the second word is often a descriptive word that describes a characteristic of the organism |
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| Taxonomic grouping of similar phyla or divisions |
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| Taxonomic grouping of similar classes |
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| Taxonomic grouping of similar orders |
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| Taxonomic grouping of similar families |
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| a rank in a taxonomic classification, above both genus and species |
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| First word of a two part scientific name used to identify a group of similar species |
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| Group of organisms that can interbreed fertile offspring in nature |
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| Chemosynthetic prokaryotes that live in harsh environments, such as deep-sea vents and hot springs |
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| Hetertrophic eukaryotes that do not move from place to place; absorb nutrients from organic materials in the environment |
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| Any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms of the kingdom Protoctista; including protozoans and some algae |
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| Kingdom made up of living things that are neither bacterial nor animal characteristics; biologists who study taxonomy are called taxonimists. |
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| Kingdom made up of living things that are neither plantlike nor bacterial |
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| Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their shared |
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| Series of questions that use two differing characteristics to identify a specific creature |
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| Grouping of objects or information based on similarities |
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| The process of classifying a living creature |
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| Virus that infects and destroy bacteria |
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| Asexual reproductive process in which one cell divides into two separate genetically identical cells |
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| Form of sexual reproduction in some bacteria where one bacterium transfers all or part of its genetic material to the other through a bridge like structure called a pilus |
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| Structure formed by bacteria during unfavorable conditions that contains DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm encased by a protective outer covering; germinates in favorable conditions |
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| Living cell in which a virus replicates |
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| Viral replication cycle in which the virus’s nucleic acid is integrated into the host’s cell’s chromosome’ a provirus is formed and replicated each time the host cell reproduces; the host cell is not killed until the lytic cycle is activated |
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| Viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell’s genetic material and uses the host cell’s structures and energy to replicate until the host cell bursts, killing it. |
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| Bacteria that requires oxygen for cellular respiration |
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| Bacteria that are killed by oxygen and can survive only in oxygen-free environments. |
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| An organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material |
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| living organism that exists by stealing the resources needed by another (generally desirable) living organism |
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| Relationship between two organism; living together, often for mutual benefit. |
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| Poison produced by a bacterium |
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| Disease-causing non-livingparticles composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid; replicate inside living cells called host cells |
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| Photosynthetic, plantlike, autotrophic, protests |
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| Type of reproduction where on parent produces one or more identical offspring with-out the fusion of gametes |
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| Group of protozoans of the phylum ciliophora that have a covering of cilia that aids in locomotion |
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| Group of unicellular or multicellular organisms that live together in a close association |
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| Protests that have one or more flagella |
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| Type of asexual reproduction in algae where an individual breaks into pieces and each piece grows into a new individual |
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| Replacement or regrowth of missing body parts |
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| In plasmodial slime molds, the mass of cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but no cell walls or membranes |
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| Unicellular, heterotrophic, animal-like protest |
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| In protozoans, cytoplasm-containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding |
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| Type of haploid reproductive cell eith a hard outer coat that forms a new organism without the fusion of gametes |
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| Any of many parasitic protozoans, of the class Sporozoa, that reproduce alternately sexually and asexually via spores; they are responsible for diseases such as malaria |
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| Towards, of, or referring to the head |
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| Pertaining to the tail or posterior or hind part of a body |
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| An animal with no body cavities |
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| Nearer the head or the front. |
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| symmetric about a plane running from head to tail |
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| Fluid filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm |
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| Layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula; eventually develops into the skin and nervous tissue of an animal |
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| Middle cell layer in the gastrula, between the ectoderm and the endoderm; develops into the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, and in some animals, the respiratory system |
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| Layer of cells on the inner surface of the gastrula; will eventually develop into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract and organs associated with digestion |
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| Layer of cells on the inner surface of the gastrula; will eventually develop into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract and organs associated with digestion |
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| Internal skeleton; provides support, protects internal organs, and acts as an internal brace for muscles to pull against |
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| Hard covering on the outside of some animals, including spiders and mollusks; provides a framework for support, protects soft body tissues, and provides a place for muscle attachment |
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| Animal that does not have a backbone |
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| Tail end of bilaterally symmetric animals |
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| Fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm |
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| An animal’s body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves |
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| Organism that is permanently attached to a surface |
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| Same arrangements of body structures on both sides |
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| Lower surface of the bilaterally symmetric animals |
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| An animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone |
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| Needle-like structures that form the hard support for sponges |
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| Cell that has a flagella that whips back and forth; in sponges, it brings water into the sponge |
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| Fertilization that occurs outside the animal’s body |
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| Method in which food particles are filtered from water as it passes by or through some part of the organism |
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| In cnidarians, a large cavity in which digestion takes place |
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| An animal that can produce both eggs and sperm |
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| Fertiliazation that occurs inside the female’s body |
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| A cnidarian body form that is umbrella-shaped with tentacles that hang down |
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| In cnidarians, a capsule that contains a coiled, threadlike tube that may be sticky, barbed, or contain poisons; used in capturing prey |
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| In planarians, the tubelike, muscular organ that extends from the mouth; aids in feeding and digestion |
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| A cnidarian body form that is tubeshaped with a mouth surrounded by tentacles |
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| A section of a tapeworm that contains muscles, nerves, flame cells, and reproductive organs |
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| Knob-shaped head of a tapeworm |
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| Closed circulatory system |
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| System in which blood moves through the body enclosed entirely in a series of blood vessels; provides an efficient means of gas exchange within the body |
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| Sac with muscular walls and hard particles that grind soil before it passes into the intestine; common in birds and annelids such as earthworms |
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| Membrane that surrounds the internal organs of mollusks; in mollusk with shells, it secretes the shell |
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| Organs that remove metabolic waste from an animal’s body |
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| System where blood moves through vessels into open spaces around the body organs |
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| In some snails and mollusks, the rasping, tonguelike organ used to drill, scrape, grate, or cut food |
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| Any structure, such as a leg or an antenna, that grows out of an animal’s body |
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| Gas exchange system found in some arthropods where air-filled chambers have plates of folded membranes that increase the surface area of tissue exposed to the air |
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| Structure in some arthropods formed by the fusion of the head and thorax |
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| First pair of an arachnid’s six pairs of appendages; located near the mouth, they are often modified into pincers or fangs |
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| In arthropods, a visual system composed of multiple lenses; each lens registers light from a small portion of the field of view, creating an image of thousands of parts |
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| In insects, the free-living, wormlike stage of metamorphosis, often called a caterpillar |
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| Structure in terrestrial arthropods that excretes waste |
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| On most arthropods, mouthparts adapted for holdin, chewing, sucking, or biting various foods |
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| In insects, series of chemically-controlled changes in the body structure from juvenile to adult; may be complete or incomplete |
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| In arthropods, the periodic shedding of an old exoskelketon |
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| Stage of incomplete metamporphosis where an insect hatching from and egg has the same general appearance as the adult insect but is smaller and sexually immature |
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| Second pair of an arachnid’s six pairs of appendages that are often adapted for handling food and sensing |
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| Chemical signals given off by animals that signal animals to engage in specific behaviors |
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| Stage of insect metamorphosis where tissues and organs are broken down and replace by adult tissues; larva emerges from pupa as a mature adult |
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| Silk-producing glands located at the rear of a spider |
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| In arthropods, openings on the thorax and the abdomen through which air enters and leaves the tracheal tubes |
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| Hollow passages in some arthropods that transport air throughout the body |
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| Tough flexible material making up the skeletons of agnathans, sharks, and their relatives, as well of portions of bony-animal skeletons |
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| Stage of a frog’s life; not yet matured adult |
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| Animal that has a variable body temperature and derives its heat from external sources |
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| In fishes, fan-shaped membranes used for balance, swimming, and steering |
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| Line of fluid-filled canals runningalong the sides of a fish that enable the fish to detect movement and vibrations in the water |
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| Thin bony plates that come in a variety of shapes and sizes formed from the skin of many fishes and reptiles |
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| Method of reproduction in fishes and some other animal where a large number og eggs are fertilized outside of the body |
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| Thin-walled, internal sac found just below the backbone in bony fishes; helps fishes control their swimming depth |
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| Major adaptation in land animals; amniotic sac encloses an embryo and provides nutrition and protection from the outside environment |
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| Animal that maintains a constant body temperature and is not dependent on the environmental temperature |
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| Lightweight, modified scale found only on birds; provides insulation and enables flight |
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| In snakes, a pitlike sense organ on the roof of the mouth that picks up and analyzes airborned chemicals |
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| Large breastbone that provides a site for muscle attachment; provides support for the thrust and power produced by birds as they generate motion for flight |
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| Way of digesting plant materials so that the plant cell walls are more broken down and more nutrients are digested |
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| In mammals, the sheet of muscles located beneath the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity; expands and contracts the chest cavity, which increases the amount of oxygen entering the body |
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| Time during which placental mammals develop inside the uterus |
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| Modified sweat glands in female mammals, which produce and secret milk to feed their young |
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| Subclass of mammals in which young develop for a short time in the uterus and complete their development outside of the mother’s body inside a pouch made of skin and hair |
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| Subclass of mammals that have hair and mammary glands but reproduce by laying eggs |
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| Organ that provides food and oxygen to and removes waste from young inside the uterus of placental mammals |
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| In females, the hollow, musculare organ in which the offspring of placental mammals develop |
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