Nucleus

Contains DNA (Nucleolus, Chromatin, and Nuclear envelope)

Chromatin

The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Vacoule/Vesicle

Stores Materials

lysosomes

Breaks doen and recycles macromolecules

Cytoskeleton

• Maintains call shape
• Moves cell parts
• Helps cells move

Centriols

• Animal only
• Organize cell division

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Assembles Proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage of transport out of the cell

Chloroplasts

Plant Only

Covernts solar energy to chemical energy stored in food

Mitochondria

Coverts chemical energy in food to usable compounds

Cell Wall

Plant and Prokaryote Only

Shapes, supports, and protects cell

made of Cellulose

Porus

Cell Membrane

Regulates materials entering and leaving the cell

Protects and supports the cell

Water balloon

Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes only have: Cell wall, Cell mebrane, Ribosomes, and DNA
• Prokaryotes dont seperate their genetic material within a nucleas
• eukayotyes do
• Prokaryotes are smaller

What happens to a cell's vacuoles when it wilts?

They shrink

Structure of the cytoskeleton

made of microfilaments and microtubules

Microfilaments

Made of the protein actin

Supports the cell

Allows cell to move

Microtubules

Made of the protein Tubulin

Make Cilium and Flagellum

Ex: Centrioles

Protein Assembly

1. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes
2. assembled on ribosomes bound to the R ER
3. Carried from R ER to golgi aooaratus in vesicles
4. GA moddifies proteins before sorting and packaging them in th emembrane-bound vesicles
5. Vesicles from the GA are shipped to their final destination

What is the cell membrane made of?

Lipid Bilayer

Carbohydrate chains as "flags"

Proteins as "Tunnels"

Inside is Hydrophobic

outside is Hydrophilic

Semi-permeable

HydroPHOBIC

"Water hating"

"Afraid of Water"

HydroPHILIC

"Water Loving"

Why do lipids creat a bilayer?

Becuase their tails cluster together to get away from the water and the heads are attracted to the water.

What does cholesteral do in the cell membrane?

Adds strength and fluidity

Semipermeable

Somethings can pass through it

Selectively Permeable

certain things can pass through it

Why is it important that cells have selectively permeable membranes?

So that the cell doesnt get bad stuff in it.

Why are mitochondria in both animal and plant celss?

Because it's the "Power House" and all living things need power
 

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts....

Contain their own DNA

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

Because Mitochondrian and chloroplasts contain their own DNA, scientist believe that they decended from independent microorganisms

LABEL DIAGRAM

Robert Hooke

Observed the cork and nemed the cell after rooms in a monastery

Van Leeuwenhoek

Found Bacteria

Led to Cells being the basic unit of life

Matthias Schleiden 

All plants are made fo cells

Theodor Schwann

All animals are made fo cells

Rudolf Virchow

Cells are only made by division

Cell theory

1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. New cells are produced from exsisting cells

Light Microscopes

Let you see certain parts of the cell using stains/dyes

1000 times max

Electron Transmission Microscopes

Explore cell structure and large proteins

Only pass through thin samples

Electron Scanning Microscopes

Pencil like beam

Sees the surface

Diffusion

The process of particles moving from a place of hi concetration to low (with gradient)

Doesn't use energy

Ex: Air freashener dispersing in a room

Osmosis

Diffusion of water the selectively permeable membrane (Aquaporins)

Simple vs Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated used a protein to move the molecules

Both dont use energy

Isotonic

Equal concentrations

Cell would stay the same

Hypertonic

The solution outside would have a higher concentration of solute

Cell would shrink/shrivle

Hypotonic

Substance outside fo cell would has lower solute concetration

Cell would bloat/inflate

Why do you get thirsty when you eat of drink something salty of sugary?

Because the ouside solution's solute become hypertonic and the cells shrink

Why cant you watter plants with seawater?

Because seawater has a high salt concetrate and woulkd draw water out of the plantscell's vacuoles

Endocytosis

the membrane forces an inward pocket inclosing the particle and brings it into the cell

Exocytosis

The membrane of the vesivle fuses with the cell mebrane and releases the contents out of the cell

How do individual cells maitain homeostasis?

They grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce