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Definition
| all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells |
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| cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organization of all organisms |
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| cells arise by division of a previously existing cell |
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Definition
1. surface area available for diffusion
2. temperature
3. concentration gradient of the diffusing substance
4. distance over which diffusion must occur |
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Definition
| as the size of a cell increases, the length of time for diffusion from the outside membrane to the interior of the cell increases as well |
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| Surface-area-to-volume ratio |
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Definition
| as a cell's size increases, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area |
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| a structural feature that can dramatically increase a cell's surface area and looks like fingerlike projections |
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| Genetic Material in Prokaryotes |
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Definition
lies in a single circular molecule of DNA
near the center of the cell in an area called the nucleoid (not segregated from the rest of the cell's interior by membranes) |
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| Genetic Material in Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| encased within a double-membrane structure called the nucleus |
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Definition
| any discrete macromolecular structure in the cytoplasm specialized for a particular function |
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Definition
| the fluid in which organelles are suspended |
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Definition
| semifluid matrix, fills the interior of every cell, high concentration of proteins and other macromolecules (making it more like jello than water) |
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Definition
| encloses every cell and separates its contents from the surroundings |
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Definition
| help molecules and ions move across the plasma membrane, either from the environment to the interior of the cell or vice versa |
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Definition
| induce changes within the cell when they come in contact with specific molecules in the environment, such as hormones, or with molecules on the surface of neighboring cells |
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Definition
| carry out protein synthesis |
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Definition
protect the cell
maintain its shape
prevent excessive uptake or loss of water |
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Definition
| long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell that are used in locomotion |
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Definition
| an interior scaffold of protein fibers that anchors the organelles at specific locations in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| weaves through the cell interior, providing extensive surface area for many membrane-associated cell processes to occur |
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Definition
| small membrane-bounded sacs that store and transport materials |
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Definition
| breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components |
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Definition
| vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions, such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules |
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Definition
| located in plant cells, within which photosynthesis occurs |
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Definition
| located in plant cells, stores water |
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Definition
| located in plant cells, openings in the cell wall that function in cell-cell communication |
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Definition
| located in animal cells, complex assembly of microtubules that occurs in pairs |
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Definition
| a region where intensive synthesis of ribosomal RNA takes place |
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Definition
| two phospholipid bilayers bounded on the surface of the nucleus |
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Definition
| form at locations where the two membrane layers of the nuclear envelope pinch together |
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Definition
| gives the nucleus its shape and is also involved in the deconstruction and reconstruction of the nuclear envelope that accompanies cell division |
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Definition
| DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes, which are organized with proteins into a complex structure called chromatin |
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Definition
| carries coding information from DNA |
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