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| smallest unit of matter that can carry on all processes of life |
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| thin membrane surronding the entire cell |
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-all living things are made of one or more cells
-cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
-cells only come from the reproduction of existing cells |
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| organisms whose cells contain a membrane bound nucleus amd other organelles |
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| large organelle near center of cell that contains the cells genetic information and directs most cell activity |
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| internal structures of cells |
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| lack a membrane bound nucleus and other organelles |
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| some substances pass through the cell membrane easily while others cannot cross |
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| protiens that are attached to the cell membrane |
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| protiens embedded in the bilayer |
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| gelatin-like liquid that contains the various organelles |
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large organelles
sites of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compunds into ATP |
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| inner folds of mitochondria |
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-most numerous in a cell
-helps make protiens |
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
system of membrane tubules and sacs
the cell highway |
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Definition
covered with ribosomes
prominent in cells that make large amounts of protien |
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| involved in the making of steroids, breakdown of toxic substances, regulates amount of calcium in muscles |
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| processing, packaging and distributing organelle of the cell |
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Definition
small, spherical organelles that digest protiens, carbs, lipids
rare in plant cells |
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Definition
| network of long protien strands located in the cytosol |
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| hollow tube of protien that constitutes the largest stran in the cytoskelton |
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| chain of the protien actin, smallest strand in the cytoskeleton |
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a kind of protien that makes polymer chains
-make up microfilaments |
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| bundles of microtubules that are present when the cell is about to divide and extend across the cell |
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Definition
hairlike organelles that help in movement
- small and numerous |
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Definition
hairlike organelles that help in movement
-larger, less numerous |
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| helps maintain shape of the cell |
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| double membrane that surronds the nucleus |
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| strands of DNA and protien that when cell is about to divide, are chromosomes |
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coiled up chromatin
present when cell is about to divide |
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Definition
| small holes in the nuclear envelope |
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spherical shape within the nucleus
where ribosomes are partially synthesized and assembeled |
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only on plant cells
helps support and protect the plant |
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Definition
large-in plant cells
store waste-like a garbage can |
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Definition
present in plant cells
organelles that contian DNA, surronded by two membranes
-store starches and fats |
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Definition
-made of thylakoids
-most familiar type of plastid
-where the energy of the sun is converted into chemical energy |
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Definition
| groups of cells that carry out a specific function |
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| several types of tissues that work together to preform a specific function |
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| group of organs that work together to preform a specific set of related tasks |
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| group of genetically indentical cells that live togehter in a closely connected group |
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| movement of substances across the cell membrane |
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Definition
| movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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| difference of concentration of moelcules across a space |
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Definition
| when the concentration of molecules of a substance is the same thorughout a space |
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| water molecules diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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when concentration is less than the thing inside
concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of solute molecules outisde the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol. solution is more than the inside |
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Definition
| concentration of solute outside and inside of the cell are equal |
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Definition
| organelles that remove water |
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Definition
| pressure that the water molecules exert against the cell wall |
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Definition
| when cells shrink away from the cell walls and the turgor pressure is lost |
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Definition
| when the cell has so much water the cell bursts |
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Definition
| type of passive transport for molecules that cannot diffuse quickly |
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Definition
| protiens that help molecules pass thorugh the cell membrane |
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Definition
| channels that provide small passageways across the cell memnrane through which ions can diffuse |
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Definition
| movemnt from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration |
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Definition
| when cells take in particles or fluid |
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Definition
| organelle that takes in the large particle and encloses it |
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Definition
| fluids taken into the cell |
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Definition
| movement of large particles or whole cells into the cell |
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Definition
| releasing from inside the cell into the outside enviornment of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
protiens that DNA wraps around
help maintain shape of the chromosome and aid in the packing of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
half of the chromosome
form as the DNA makes a copy of itself |
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Term
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Definition
center area of chromsomes
"hold them together" |
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Definition
| chromsomes that determine the sex of an organism |
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Definition
| all the chromsomes in an organism besides the sex chromsomes |
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Definition
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| human sperm and egg cells |
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Definition
cells having two sets of chromsomes
all normal cells (not reproductive cell) |
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Term
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Definition
-type of cell division
-cells with exactly the same genetic material as the parent cells |
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Definition
-type of cell division
-reduces number of chromsomes in half |
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Definition
| repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell |
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Definition
| repeating set of events that make up the life of a cell |
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Definition
| time between cell divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| division of cytoplasm in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
-first phase of mitosis
-shortening and coiling of DNA into chromosomes
-nucleoulus and nuclear membrane dissapear |
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Term
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Definition
dark body containing a centriole (in animal cells)
spindle fibers come from the centrosomes in preperation for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
small cylandrical bodies
in animal cells centrosomes |
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Term
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Definition
made of microtubules
radiate from centromeres in preperation for mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chromatids seperate at the centromere and slowly move towards the opposite ends of the cells.
when they seperate they are now individual chromosomes (chromatin) |
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Term
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Definition
fourth phase of mitosis
spindle fibers disassemble
nuclear envelope forms and a nucleoulus forms in each of the new cells |
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Term
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Definition
in plant cells
seperates the two newly formed cells |
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Term
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Definition
human sperm and egg cells
contains 23 chromsomes |
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Term
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Definition
pairing of homologous chromsomes
happens in meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| each pair of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| portions of chromatids breaking off and attaching to adjacent chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
crossing over of chromatids
new mixture of genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
random seperation of homologous chromosomes
results in genetic recombination |
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Term
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Definition
| production of offspring from one parent |
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Term
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Definition
production of offspring through meiosis
union of sperm and egg |
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Term
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Definition
type of carrier protien
transports sodium and potassium through concentration gradients |
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