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Biology test 3 flashcards
Just a set of vocabulary terms you will need to know for the test.
63
Biology
Undergraduate 3
11/29/2011

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Term

Sequential hermaphroditism

Definition

:  a change in sex during the course of a life cycle.

Term

Life history:

Definition

a record of events and landmarks related to an organisms growth, development, reproduction, and survival.

Term

Phenotypic plasticity

Definition

A single genotype may produce different phenotypes for a particular trait under different environmental conditions. (Ability to adjust to environmental conditions through genotype)

Term

Complex life cycle:

Definition

 

a life cycle in which there are at least 2 distinct stages that differ in their habitat, physiology, or morphology.

 

Term

Metamorphosis

Definition

an abrupt transition in form from the larval to the juvenile stage, usually accompanied by a change in behavior and/or habitat.

Term

Direct development:

Definition

 

simple life cycles, go directly from fertilized egg to juvenile without passing through larval stage.

 

Term

Isogamy

Definition

production of equal sized gametes; ancestral

Term

Anisogamy

Definition

the production of unequal sized gametes; multicellular organisms

Term

Semelparous:

Definition

 

species that reproduce only once in a lifetime

 

Term

Iteroparous

Definition

 

species that reproduce more than once in a lifetime.

 

 

 

Term
What does "r" refer to in the equation?
Definition

 

r refers to intrinsic rate of increase-exponential growth, where a constant proportion changes at each instant in time.

 

Term
What does "K" refer to in the equation?
Definition

 

K refers to the carrying capacity

 

Term

Stress:

Definition

 

abiotic factor that limits growth; extreme temp., shading, low nutrients, water shortage

 

Term

 

Grimes model

Competitive

Stress Dominant

Ruderal

 

Definition

 

Competitive plants: under low stress and disturbance competitive plants have an adaptive advantage

 

Stress-tolerant plants: in areas of high stress, low disturbance stress-tolerant plants dominate; slow growth rates, evergreen, slow resource use

 

Ruderal plants: plants adapted to high disturbance, low stress; short lifespan, rapid growth, high seed production, resistant seeds, weedy spp.

 

Term

Density:

Definition

# of individuals per unit area or volume

Term

Dispersion:

Definition

 

the pattern of spacing among individuals within population boundries

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

Population ecology

Life table:

 

Definition

age specific summary of survival patterns

Term

Survivorship curves

Definition

 

a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

 

Term

Intrinsic rate of increase (r):

r = b – d


What is b? d?


Definition

difference between per capita birth rate (b)and per capita death rate (d);

Term

Exponential growth (geometric growth)

Definition

 

: a population reproducing at physiological capacity; population increases at a constant rate

 

Term

Logistic population growth:

Definition

 

the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached.

 

Term

 

Mortality of dune fescue grass (Vulpia membranacea) is mainly due to physical factors regardless of density, like drought stress arising from shifting dune sands and root exposure.  Therefore the death rate is density _________.

Definition
independent.
Term

 

Reproduction by dune fescue declines population density increases; due to scarcity of water and nutrients exacerbated by more plants extracting more resources. Therefore birth rate is density _________.

 

Definition
dependent.
Term

Allee effect:

Definition

individuals have a hard time surviving or reproducing if the population is too small.

Term

 

Population ecology
density dependent factors

 

1) Co________

2)Ter_______

3)Dis_____

4)Pre_____

5)Tox_____

6)Intr______

Definition

 

1) Competition

 

2)Territoriality- territory space the resource for which individuals compete

 

3) Disease-the transmission rate of many diseases depends on the level of crowding

 

4) Predation- As prey population grows predators will focus feeding on those abundant species

 

5) Toxic waste- The alcohol content of wine is no greater than 13% because that is the max. ethanol concentration most yeast species can tolerate

 

6) Intrinsic factors- high population densities in mice can induce a stress syndrome in which hormonal changes delay sexual maturity, shrink gonads, and depress immune system

 

 

Term

Ecological footprint:

Definition

 

concept summarizing the aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all the wastes it generates. 

 

 

 

Term

 

Species interact in a biological __________

 

Definition
biological community: a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact.
Term

Competition(-/-)

Definition

 

an interaction between, or within, species in which each is harmed when they both use a resource that limits their ability to grow and reproduce

 

Term

Competitive exclusion principle:

Definition

 

2 species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indefinitely; the similarity of the resources used by competitors affects the likelihood that one will drive the other to extinction; in the absence of disturbance one species will use resources more efficiently and reproduce more rapidly than the other; 2 species cannot coexist permanently in a community if their niches are identical

 

Term

Ecological niche:

Definition

the sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; an organism’s “profession”; how it fits into an ecosystem.

Term

Resource partitioning:

Definition

 

the use of limited resources by different species in a community in different ways; differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community; “the ghost of competition past”;  evolution of niche differentiation

 

Term

 

Interpecific competition makes the _______ niche of Chthamalus much smaller than its fundamental niche

 

Definition
realized niche
Term

Character displacement

Definition

 

is a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species

 

Term

 

Competition driving _________ displacement; the importance of competition in structuring communities

 

Definition
character
Term

Predation (+/– interaction)

Definition

 

refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

 

Term

Aposematic

Definition

(warning) coloration

Advertising that you're dangerous.
"Don't eat me or you will die!"

Term

Batesian mimicry

Definition

 

In this type of mimicry the palatable species mimics an unpalatable model.

 

Term

Mullerian mimicry

Definition

 

In this type of mimicry two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

 

Term

 

 

 

1)  Behavioral responses

 

2) Crypsis

 

3) Toxins

 

4) Physical defenses

 

Definition
Methods of escaping predators
Term

 

1) Avoidance

 

2) Tolerance

 

3) Defenses

 

Definition
Ways of reducing herbivory.
Term

Masting:

Definition

 

production of great number of seeds some years and none in other years; allows plants to hide in time from seed-eating herbivores, then overwhelm them by sheer numbers.

 

[Remember the bamboo plant discussion from class?]

Term

Compensation:

Definition

removal of plant tissue stimulates new plant tissue growth.

Term

 

Secondary compounds are often toxic or serve as chemical cues to attract predators or parasitoids to the plant. Secondary compound production can be constitutive or ___________

 

Definition
induced defense.
Term

 

In parasitism (+/– interaction), one organism, the ______, derives nourishment from another organism, its _______, which is harmed in the process

 

Definition
Parasite. ; Host.
Term

Mutualistic symbiosis (+/+ interaction),

Definition

 

is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

 

Term

Commensalism (+/0 interaction),

Definition

 

one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected

 

Term

Species Diversity

Definition

 

of a community is the variety of organisms that make up the community

 

Term

Species richness

Definition

is the total number of different species in the community

Term

Relative abundance (evenness)

Definition

 

is the proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community

 

Term

Trophic structure

Definition

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Term

 

_______ link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

 

Definition
Food chains
Term
A ________ is a branching food chain with complex trophic interactions
Definition
Food web
Term

The _____________ suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

Definition
energetic hypothesis
Term

 

The ________hypothesisdynamic stability hypothesis proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones

 

Definition
dynamic stability hypothesis
Term

 

The ______-up model of community organization proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels

 

Definition
Bottom-up
Term

 

The top-_____ model, also called the trophic cascade model, proposes that control comes from the trophic level above

 

Definition
Top-down model
Term

 

Recent emphasis of change has led to a non______model, which describes communities as constantly changing after being buffeted by disturbance

 

Definition
NON Equilibrium.
Term

 

The __________disturbance hypothesis suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance

 

Definition
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Term

 

Ecological succession

 

Definition
is the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
Term

 

_______succession occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

 

Definition
Primary
Term

 

__________ succession begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance

 

Definition
Secondary
Term

 

__________ is evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants

 

Definition
Evapotranspiration
Term

 

Using top-down models for bio_________ practical applications for solving ecological  problems

 

Definition
biomanipulation
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