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Biology-Test 3
Auburn University-Kearly-Fall 2010
80
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/01/2010

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Term
Interphase
Definition
chomosomes duplicate
Term
Chromatin
Definition
combination of DNA and protein molecules
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
formed when chromatin coils up which is about to divide-contains cell's DNA
Term
Sister Chromatids
Definition
before DNA divides, it duplicates its chromosomes, forming identical copies which are _______.
Term
Mitotic Phase
Definition
cell division occurs; Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Term
Mitosis
Definition
division of the nuclei of cells-equal distribution of chromosomes into daughter nuclei
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
cytoplasm divides in cells
Term
Stages of Mitosis
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle forms (spindle apparatus composed of microtubules) that moves that chromosomes
Term
Metaphase
Definition
chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
Term
Anaphase
Definition
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Term
Telophase
Definition
cell begins to divide-mitotic spindle breaks down-cytokinesis occurs
Term
Anchorage Dependent
Definition
Most normal cells divide only when attached to a surface
Term
Density Dependence Inhibition
Definition
cells continue dividing until they touch one another
Term
Cancer Cells
Definition
divide excessively and can invade other tissues and displace normal cells
Term
Tumor
Definition
abnormal mass of cells-benign do not spread, malignant (cancerous) can
Term
Metastasis
Definition
growth of cancer cells beyond original site
Term
Carcinomas
Definition
cancers that originate in the external linings of the body (skin)
Term
Sarcomas
Definition
cancers in tissues that support the body-bone and muscle
Term
Leukemias and Lymphomas
Definition
cancers in blood forming tissues-bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Term
Radiation Treatment
Definition
used to destroy dividing cells-targets cancer cells but can destroy normal cells
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
drugs that disrupt cell division (ex: taxol-impairs the function of the mitotic spindle-discovered in the bark of the Pacific Yew)
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
produces genetic variety among offspring-inherit chromosomes from each parent
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition
carry genes controlling the same characteristics-different genes code for different variations of characteristics
Term
Alleles
Definition
different versions of genes that code for different variations of characteristics
Term
Sex Chromosomes
Definition
determine gender; female: XX, male: XY
Term
Diploid Cells
Definition
two homologous sets of chromosomes (2n) in humans the number is 46 (2n=46)
Term
Gametes
Definition
egg and sperm
Term
Haploid
Definition
single set of chromosomes; n=23 in humans
Term
Diploid Zygote
Definition
when egg and sperm cell fuse; 2n=46
Term
Meiosis
Definition
cell division that forms gametes-reproductive organs
Term
Prophase I
Definition
in synapsis, homologous chromosome pairs come together and form a tetrad. These pairs exchange segments (crossing over). Spindle forms-tetrads start to move towards the center of the cell
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles
Term
Telophase I
Definition
chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and the cell divides in cytokinesis
Term
Prophase II
Definition
spindle forms again
Term
Metaphase II
Definition
chromosomes align in the center of cell (metaphase plate)
Term
Anaphase II
Definition
sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite poles of the cell
Term
Telophase II
Definition
chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and cytokinesis begins-forms 4 haploid cells when complete
Term
Independent Assortment (Independent Orientation)
Definition
each pair of homologous chromosomes orients itself on the metaphase plate independently of other pairs in Meiosis I
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
the exchange of corresponding segments between 2 homologous chromosomes-adds to genetic variability
Term
Genetic Recombination
Definition
the production of gene combinations different from those on the original chromosomes-result of crossing over
Term
Homozygous
Definition
YY or yy
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Yy
Term
Phenotype
Definition
physical traits; ex: yellow seeds
Term
Genotype
Definition
genetic makeup; ex: Yy
Term
P
Definition
parental generation
Term
F1
Definition
first generation of offspring
Term
F2
Definition
offspring of F1 generation
Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition
evaluates one trait
Term
Dihybrid Cross
Definition
evaluates 2 traits
Term
Codominance
Definition
the expression of 2 different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote (both genes are dominant) ex: blood type
Term
Pleiotropy
Definition
alleles at a single locus may have effects on two or more traits
Term
Marfan Syndrome
Definition
Mutation in gene for fibrillin (connective tissue) effects skeleton, cardiovascular system, lungs, eyes and skin (Pleiotropy)
Term
Polygenic Traits
Definition
traits affected by genes at more than one loci
Term
Continuous Variation
Definition
continuous range in a given trait among individuals; the more genes a trait is affected by, the more _____________
Term
Y Chromosome
Definition
contains master gene for sex determination; if present testes form; contains very few genes
Term
X Chromosomes
Definition
more genes than Y chromosome, many deal with nonsexual trains; genes can be expressed in both males and females
Term
Pedigree
Definition
chart of genetic connections among individuals; used to follow traits in humans through generations and determine the genotypes of individuals
Term
X-linked Inheritance
Definition
Trait is carried on the x chromosome; appears in males more than females, males cannot inherit from his father; ex: colorblindness, hemophilia
Term
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
Definition
two recessive alleles must be present for trait to be displayed
Term
Recessive Disorders
Definition
parents may be carriers; albinism, sickle cell disease
Term
Dominant Disorders
Definition
carried on dominant alleles; ex: achondroplasia, Huntington's disease
Term
Progeria
Definition
special type of dominant disorder, arises as the result of a spontaneous mutation
Term
Aneuploidy
Definition
1 more or 1 fewer chromosomes than normal; many miscarriages are _______
Term
Down's Syndrome
Definition
extra chromosome where 21st pair of homologous chromosomes is normally located
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
chromosome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate=causes abnormal number of chromosomes in gametes
Term
Kleinfelter Syndrome
Definition
XXY-individual is usually sterile, feminine characteristics
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
XO-sterile, short stature, webbing of the neck
Term
Metafemales
Definition
females with XXX, limited fertility
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
polymer composed of nucleotides; contains instructions for how to build proteins
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
phosphate group, nitrogenous base, 5-carbon sugar
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
attaches complementary nucleotides
Term
DNA ligase
Definition
joins fragments on lagging strand
Term
RNA
Definition
nucleic acid; has uracil instead of thymine
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
carries protein building instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
delivers amino acids to the ribosome
Term
Transcription
Definition
single strand of mRNA is formed from a DNA template
Term
Codons
Definition
composed of 3 nucleotide bases found on the mRNA, these triplets of bases code for specific amino acids=genetic code; 61 different ones; 3 are stop ____
Term
Translation
Definition
tRNAs attach to amino acids in the cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosome; tRNAs have anticodons that complement the codons on the mRNA; tRNA attached to the amino acids bind to the mRNA strand bringing the amino acid to the ribosome in the process; amino acids are strung together to make polypeptides that compose proteins
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