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Biology test 3
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Biology
Undergraduate 3
10/17/2011

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Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
All organisms use "" to extract energy from organic molecules
Term
Dehydrogenations
Definition
Loss of electrons that are accompanied by hydrogen
Term
electron carrier
Definition
Nad+ is an
Term
Nadh
Definition
When nad accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton, it becomes ?
Term
Produce atp
Definition
The goal of respiration is to
Term
Aerobic respiration
Definition
What type of respiration occurs when the final electron receptor is Oxygen.
Term
anaerobic respiration.
Definition
What type of respiration occurs when the final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Final electron acceptor is an organic molecule is known as ?
Term
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxidation
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain &
Chemiosmosis
Definition
The 4 stages of Oxidation of glucose are?
Term
Redox
Definition
What kind of reactions are used to transfer electrons to generate atp
Term
Within the cytosol
Definition
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Term
Pyruvate
Definition
In the presence of oxygen, "" oxidized
Term
Within the mitochondria.
Definition
Where does Pyruvate oxidation occur?
Term
Citric acid cycle.
Definition
Another name for the Kreb's cycle is
Term
Oxaloacetate.
Definition
A four carbon compound, which combines with a 2 carbon acetyl group during the citric acid cycle.
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
Another name for the electron transport chain is
Term
Electron transport chain
Definition
The " " is a series of membrane bound electron carriers, embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Term
Electron transport chain
Definition
A proton gradient is formed within the?
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
A membrane bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to syntesize atp from adp + Pi
Term
Chemiosmosis.
Definition
The process of the atp synthase is referred to as ?
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
What is responsible for the regulation of aerobic respiration
Term
Methanogens, and sulfur bacteria
Definition
What two forms of anaerobic respiration were discussed in this class?
Term
Ethanol fermentation , Lactic acid fermentation.
Definition
What two types of fermentation were discussed in this class?
Term
Lactic acid fermentation.
Definition
Which type of fermentation is responsible for that soreness feeling in your muscles
Term
Reserve Polymers
Definition
These are used as energy sources in absence of external nutrients
Term
Protease
Definition
The enzyme that hydolyzes a protein to amino acids
Term
Deamination.
Definition
The removal of amino group from amino acid.
Term
Transamination.
Definition
The transfer of amino group from one amino acid to an alpha Keto acid
Term
Chemlolithotrophs
Definition
Oxidation of inorganic molecules is carried out by?
Term
Genome
Definition
Sum of total of all the genetic information in a cell
Term
Cells
Definition
The basic unit of life?
Term
Binary fission
Definition
Bacteria divide by ?
Term
Septum
Definition
What forms to divide cells into 2 cells?
Term
Replication beings at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally, literally splits in half.
Definition
What happens in binary fission
Term
Chromatin
Definition
A complex of DNA and proteins?
Term
Heterochromation
Definition
Chromatin that is not expressed?
Term
Euchromatin
Definition
Chromatin that is expressed
Term
nucleosome
Definition
Dna wrapped around the a core of 8 histone proteins
Term
condensim
Definition
The scaffolding proteins that maintain chromosome structure
Term
solenoid
Definition
about 5 or more nucleosomes coil to create a
Term
Cohesin
Definition
Complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together at their "kinetochore
Term
Sister chromatids
Definition
2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome
Term
Kinetochore
Definition
The area where Microtubules are going to come in and pull the chromatins apart
Term
Karyotype
Definition
The particular array of chromosomes of an organism
Term
G1 Synthesis G2
Definition
Interphase has 3 sub components, they are?
Term
No dna replication, Cells are growing.
Definition
Characteristic of g1
Term
Dna is replicating.
Definition
Characteristic of the s phase
Term
Increased synthesis of proteins, mitochondria, other organelles.
Definition
Main characteristic of g2
Term
G2 phase
Definition
The estbalishment of Microtubule-organizing centers begin forming in what phase
Term
Centrioles
Definition
The microtubule cells structures in animal cells?
Term
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
Definition
4 stages of mitosis?
Term
Break down
Definition
Early prophase , the nuclear membrane starts to ?
Term
Prophase
Definition
Sister chromatids become clearly evident in what phase?
Term
Centromeres
Definition
Constricted region of a chromosome?
Term
Kinetochore
Definition
Microtubules bind to what?
Term
Mitotic spindles
Definition
Microtubule structures formed in g2 phase are now referred to as ?
Term
asters
Definition
Clustering arrangement of microtubules are called ?
Term
metaphase plate
Definition
Chromosomes line up along the
Term
Polar microtubules
Definition
" " extent from poles to equatorial region
Term
Kinetchore microtubules
Definition
The microtubules extend from poles to the kinetochores
Term
The chromatids actually start moving.
Definition
Characteristic of anaphase?
Term
Chromosomes arrive at the the poles. Also, Nuclear membrane beings to form again.
Definition
Characteristic of telophase?
Term
Cell plate/cleavage furrow
Definition
The division of cytoplasm to yield 2 daughter cells produced a ?
Term
G0
Definition
Which phase is known as the resting phase?
Term
g0
Definition
Most of the cells that exist, are usually in what phase
Term
histamine
Definition
Pollen & other allergens in air stimulate your body to produce molecules such as
Term
Histamine
Definition
Inflmation, mucus secretion, vasodilation are all caused by ?
Term
Inhibitor.
Definition
Antihistamines are an example of what?
Term
Ligand
Definition
The signaling molecule is called a?
Term
Receptor protein
Definition
The molecule to which the receptor binds
Term
Signal transduction.
Definition
The events within the cell that occur in response to a signal
Term
1. direct contact
2. paracrine signaling
3. endocrine signaling
4. synaptic signaling
Definition
4 basic mechanisms of cell communication.
Term
Direct contact
Definition
Molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell, this is referred to as?
Term
Paracrine signaling.
Definition
signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
Term
Endocrine signaling.
Definition
Hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body
Term
Synaptic signaling
Definition
Nerve cells release the signal which binds to receptors on nearby cells
Term
Protein Kinase
Definition
An enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
Term
Phosphatase
Definition
an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
Term
Intracellular receptor
Definition
The type of recptor that is located within the cell
Term
Membrane receptor
Definition
The type of receptor located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell
Term
Channel-linked receptors
Definition
ion channel that opens in response to a ligand
Term
Enzymatic receptors
Definition
receptor is an enzyme or is directly linked to an enzyme
Term
G Protein-coupled receptor
Definition
Receptor that acts indirectly on enzymes or ion channels with the aid of a G-protein
Term
G-protein
Definition
Protein that binds GTP and assists in transmitting the signal
Term
Nuclear receptors
Definition
Signal receptors within the nucleus
Term
Mitogen activating protein
Definition
Map Kinases is what?
Term
Mitogen
Definition
chemical that stimulates cell divison by activating the normal pathways that control division
Term
Kinase cascade
Definition
A series of protein kinases that posphorylate each other in succession
Term
Scaffold proteins
Definition
Proteins that organize that components of a kinase cascade into a single protein complex
Term
cell junctions
Definition
Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by
Term
tight junctions
Definition
" " Creates sheets of cells
Term
anchoring junctions
Definition
" " connect the cytoskeleton of adjacent cells
Term
Communicating junctions
Definition
permit small molecules to pass between cells
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
Gap junctions are to animal cells, as " " is to plant cells
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Point of attachments between cells?
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