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1. Order- “Cellular structure”
2. Sensitivity- Response to stimuli
3. Growth- metabolism
4. Regulation- coordination of internal functions
5. Reproduction/Replication- maintenance of the species
6. Homeostasis- maintain constant internal condition different from the external environment
7. Development- Gene directed changes as multicellular organisms grow and mature |
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| genetic change in a population of organisms over time |
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| all existing species developed from earlier species by natural selection |
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| Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids |
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| up to 200nm, light beams overlap when closer than few hundred nm |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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| can’t see living cells, up to .2nm, electrons have shorter wavelength, eliminating overlap, must be under vacuum, very thin (.25um) sectioned specimens |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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| can’t see living cells, up to .2nm, 3-D images, electron strikes object, bounce back, must be coated in thin coat of metal |
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| Composed of cellulose or chitin, protection; support |
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| Lipid bilayer with embeded proteins, regulates what passes in and out of cells; cell to cell recognition |
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| Surrounded by double membrane containg chromosomes, control center of cell; directs protein synthesis and cell reproduction, contain nuclear pores (hold chromosomes together in certain configuration) |
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| site of genes for rRna synthesis, assembles ribosomes |
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| Bacteria-like elements with a double membrane, "power plants" of cell; sites of oxidative metabolism |
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| Bacteria-like elements with double membrances containing chlorophyll, sites of photosynthesis in plants |
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| Stacks of flattened vesicles, Packages proteins for export from cell; forms secretory vesicles |
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| Vesicles derived from Gogli apparatus that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes, it digests worn-out organelles wand cell debris; plays a role in cell death |
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| Contains enzymes that catalyze removal of electrons associated associated w/ H2, breaks down hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen |
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| Small, complex assemblies of protein and RNA, often bound to endoplasmic reticulum; sites of protein synthesis |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Forms compartments and vesicles; participates in protein synthesis (Ribosomes) |
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Forms compartments and vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis |
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Network of protein filaments, structural support; cell movement
1. Actin filaments (7nm)- responsible for crawling, contraction, pinching, and forming cellular extentions
2. microtubules (25nm)- move materials w/in cell
3. intermediate fibers (10nm)- don’t break down, structural stability |
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| Organelles that contain DNA |
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Nuclei- Protein Synthesis and reproduction
Mitochondria(double membrane)- DNA encodes RNA (produces protein essential to oxidative metabolism)
Chloroplasts (double membrane)-plastid (chloroplasts, leucoplasts-in roots, amyloplast-stores starch), creates proteins needed for photosynthetic process
Centrioles (not in plants and fungi) organizing centers for microtubules, prodcuce structural proteins |
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Peptidoglycan (Carbohydrate matrix) cell wall
No membrane bound organelles
No true nucleus
Flagella |
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Cellulose or chitin cell wall (plant)
Distinct membrane bound organelles
Nucleus |
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| Differences between plant and animal cell |
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| Cell wall in plants, chloroplasts, large vacuole in plants(metabolites, water stored; keeps plant rigid) |
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| How prokaryotic cells move |
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| Flagella Rotates, made of protein fibers |
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| How Eukaryotic Cells move |
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| 9+2 Structure (circle of 9 microtubules surround 2 central microtubules [derived from basal body in flagellum]),undulates instead of rotating; cilia also contain microtubules |
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| Organells inside cells cooperating for life, supported through evidence found in mitochondria (reproduce through simple fission, cristae similar to folded membrances in bacteria, similar size and structural ribosomes) |
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1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2.Cells are the smallest living basic units (viruses?)
3.“Currently” all cells arise from pre-existing cells
•Matthias Schleiden stated “all plants are aggregates of fully individualized, independent, separate beings, namely the cells themselves”.
•Theodor Schwann reported that all animal tissues consist of individual cells. |
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| How thick is the typical plasma membrane? |
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| Responds only to a specific messenger molecule |
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| Anything that binds to something else in cell. |
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| Polar(Hydrophillic) bonds to protein receptors outside cell, requires receptor to enter cell. |
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| Nonpolar (hydrophobic), bonds to protein receptors, goes inside cell, ex. steroid, dierctly to DNA |
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| Components of the fluid mosaic model |
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| Phospholipid Molecules, Transmembrance Proteins, interior protein network, cell surface markers, cholesterol |
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Phosphodityl Choline (PC)
Phosphodityl Serine (PS)
Phosphodityl Ethanolamine (PE)
Phosphodityl Inositol (PI) |
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| Usually on outside of membrane |
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| Usually on inside of membrane |
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Carriers- Transport molecules across membrane against gradient
Channels- Passively transport molecules across membrane
Receptors- Transmit information into cell |
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| Interior Protein Network- Cytoskeletal |
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Spectrins- Determine shape of RBC
Clathrins- Anchor certain proteins to specific sites, especially on the exterior cell membranes in receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| Cell surface markers- Glycolax-sugar coating |
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Glycoproteins - "Self" -Recognition
Glycolipid - Tissue Recognition |
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(Very hydrophobic) increase (more cholesterol) or decrease (less cholesterol) fluidity,
Unsaturated- Double bonds, kinks (more fluid at room temperature)
Saturated- Single Bonds |
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| Passive Transport Methods |
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Diffusion- O2 into cells
Facillitated Diffusion- glucose carriers
Osmosis- movements of h2o based on hypo or hyper tonic solution. Extrusion- Contractile vacuole collects and transports H2O ut of cell. Turgor- pressure in plant cells (mantains rigidity) |
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Endocytosis- Into cell. can be Phagocytosis(cell eating), Pinocytosis(Cell drinking), Carrier meeting endocytosis)
Exocytosis- Out of cell (secretion of mucus)
Active Transport-Proton Pump, Sodium potassium pump. |
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| Transport Channels, Enzymes, Cell surface receptors, Cell surface identity markers, Adhesion Proteins, Attachments to cytoskeleton |
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| Selective, sometimes take in molecules already present in high concentrations in cell |
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| Speed up chemical Reactions on the inside of the cell |
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| Sensitive to chemical messages, detect them with receptor proteins; actas antennae |
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| Cell surface identity markers |
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| Identify them to other cells, ID tags (cell surface proteins) |
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| Proteins that form "velcro" bonds or more permenant bonds |
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| Attachments to cytoskeleton |
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| Surface proteins that interact w/ other cells, anchored to cytoskeleton by linking proteins |
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| The amino acid sequence. Proteins can consist of any sequence of amino acids. Permits diversity |
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| Peptide groups interact with one another if the peptide was coiled into a spiral called the d helix. Can either be parallel or anti parallel |
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| The final folded shape of a globular protein. Contains regions with secondary structure and determines how these are further arranged in space to produce the overall structure |
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| Only found in proteins with multiple polypeptides. In this case the final structure of the protein is the arrangement of the multiple polypeptides in space. |
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| When a protein changes its shape or unfolds because its environment is altered. Can be a result of change in pH, temperature, ionic concentration of surrounding solution |
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| When a protein spontaneously refolds to natural shape because its normal environment is reestablished. Driven by interactions between. Its nonpolar aiming acids and H2O |
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