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Biology Test 1
Chapters 1-5
23
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/22/2010

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Term
Biological Organization
Definition

Biosphere, ecosystem, communities, populations, organisms, organ and organ systems, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules 

Term
differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic
Definition

pro does not have nucleus and are single-celled

euk have nucleus 

Term
prokayotic
Definition

  • Most primitive, earliest form of life
  • Do not have a pre-defined nucleus
  • Chromosomes are dispersed in the cytoplasm
  • Contain no membrane-bound organelles
  • Have circular chromosomes and lack histone proteins
  • Most metabolically diverse
  • Small - typically 0.2-2.0 micrometers in diameter
  • Have a primitive cytosketetal structures or don't have a cytoskeleton at all
  • Smaller (70S) ribosomes
  • Don't undergo meiosis but reproduce sexually by the transfer of DNA fragments through conjugation

Term
eukaryotic
Definition

  • More complex, evolved organsims
  • Contain true nuclei in which chromosomes are compacted as chromatin
  • Contain membrane-boundorganelles
  • Have linear DNA and contain histone proteins
  • Larger - typically 10-100 micrometers in diameter
  • Have a complex cytosketeton
  • Larger (80S) ribosom
  • Reproduce sexually with the use of meiosis

Term
3 domains of life
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Term
archaea
Definition

  • Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
  • Unlike the Bacteria and the Eukarya, the Archaea have membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages (see Fig. 1).
  • The cell walls of Archaea contain no peptidoglycan.
  • Archaea are not sensitive to some antibiotics that affect the Bacteria, but are sensitive to some antibiotics that affect theEukarya.
  • Archaea contain rRNA that is unique to the Archaea as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Bacteria and Eukarya.

Term
bacteria
Definition

  • Bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
  • Like the Eukarya, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (see Fig. 1).
  • The cell walls of Bacteria, unlike the Archaea and the Eukarya, contain peptidoglycan.
  • Bacteria are sensitive to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are resistant to most antibiotics that affect Eukarya.
  • Bacteria contain rRNA that is unique to the Bacteria as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Eukarya.

Term
eukarya
Definition

  • Eukarya have eukaryotic cells.
  • Like the Bacteria, they have membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages (see Fig. 1).
  • Not all Eukarya possess cells with a cell wall, but for those Eukarya having a cell wall, that wall contains no peptidoglycan.
  • Eukarya are resistant to traditional antibacterial antibiotics but are sensitive to most antibiotics that affect eukaryotic cells.
  • Eukarya contain rRNA that is unique to the Eukarya as indicated by the presence molecular regions distinctly different from the rRNA of Archaea and Bacteria.

Term
4 kingdoms in domain of eukarya
Definition
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Term
protista kingdom
Definition
Protista are simple, predominately unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and protozoans.
Term
Fungi Kingdom
Definition
Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms with eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls but are not organized into tissues. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through absorption. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.
Term
Plantae Kingdom
Definition
Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
Term
Animalia Kingdom
Definition
Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls. They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion. Examples include sponges, worms, insects, and vertebrates.
Term
structure of atom
Definition
proton, neutron, electron
Term
Atomic number
Definition
number of protons 
Term
atomic mass
Definition
protons and neutrons
Term
isotopes
Definition
same chemical element, with diff number of neutrons
Term
covalent bond
Definition
sharing of electrons
Term
polar covalent
Definition
A bond in which a pair of electrons is shared in common between two atoms, but the pair is held more closely by one of the atoms. i.e water 
Term
non-polar covalent
Definition

The molecule methane has four Carbon-Hydrogen single covalent bonds. These covalent bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds because

  • the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally 

Term
ionic bond
Definition
In short, it is a bond formed by the attraction between two oppositely charged ions. such as na+cl-
Term
electronegativity
Definition

on a water molecule oxygen atom is slightly electronegative and H atoms slightly electropositive-why- because oxygen being a bigger atom can attract electrons from H more strongly making  it more negative

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