Term
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Definition
| behavior cycles that depend on time of day |
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Term
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Definition
| short, hairlike projections found on eukaryotic cells that can help the cel move or can sweep food particles toward the mouth |
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Term
|
Definition
| instinctual behavior in which social bonds are formed during early development |
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Term
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Definition
max number of induviduals in a population that can be sustained in a given environment
competition for food, space, predation, and disease all determine carrying capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny blood vessels able to branch through the body and deliver oxygen and nutrients to every cell |
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Term
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Definition
the central element of life
has the ability to form bonds with up to 4 other elements or molecules at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
a combination of plant and animal forms that dominate mature ecological communities
climax communities are shaped by temperature, rainfall, and soil acidity |
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Term
|
Definition
system of organs and blood that brings nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries away wastes
in higher invertebrates-pulmonary and systemic circuit
(vertebrates-closed anthropods-open)
pulmonary circuit-carries blood to lungs to be oxygenated
systematic circuit-carries oxygeated blood to the body |
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Term
|
Definition
structure that contains the female gametophyte and gametes
after fertilization, develops into a seed |
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Term
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Definition
| region near the top of the nasal cavity with chemoreceptors and neurons that inform the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolutionary relationships of a genetically similar group of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| form of endocytosis during which liquids are taken into the cell through the invagination of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
an organism's rsponse to the length of day and night within a 24 hour period (photoperiod)
in many plants, the phenomenon determines when flowering occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
zone with light
part of the marine pelagic zone and extends to 600 ft below the surface of the ocean
photosynthetic plankton, bony fish, sharks, and whales inhabit this zone |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which plants and other autotrophic organisms convert light energy into organic materials, such as glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
the "master" gland on the endocrine system
releases hormones that conrol the other major glands of the endocrine system
anterior pituitary & posterior pituitary
controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
a structure that develops in the uterus during pregnancy
filter through which the embryo gains nutrition from the mother |
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Term
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Definition
a long cylinder of nervous tissue that extends along the vertebral column from the head to the lower back
it controls some autonomic responses and connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| a diploid plant or plant structure that prodces haploid spores through meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the male reproductive organ of the flower, consisting of an anther and filament |
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Term
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Definition
| the top part of the pistil, where pollen grain are received |
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Term
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Definition
| when selection pressures favor the average formof a trait |
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Term
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Definition
usually unicellular and microscopic
produced by protist molds, fungi, and plants. are able to develop into new induvidals.
able to survive without food/water for long periods |
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Term
|
Definition
animals that are unable to retain heat produced by metabolic activities
[aka ectothermic]
the metabolism of cldblooded animals is greatly influenced by climate and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| small, epidermal pores, surrounded by 2 gaurd cells, through which gases diffuse and water transpires in/out of a leaf |
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Term
|
Definition
a codon on mRNA that signals the termination of DNA translation
STOP CODONS:
UAA
UAG
UGA |
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Term
|
Definition
| the shaft of the pistil that leads from the stigma down into the ovary |
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Term
|
Definition
functional unit of the nervous system
a specialized cell able to carry an action potential and made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
TYPES:
sensory
motor
interneurons |
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Term
|
Definition
in animals-the female gonad that produces ova and sex hormones
in plants-the ovaries are the structure at the base of the pistil that conatins the eggs |
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Term
|
Definition
an animal that has a skeletal rod of bone or cartiledge running up its back, surrounding the nerve cord
rod segments=vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetially identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
a genetic mixture
the offspring of 2 geneticaly different parents.
hybrids are usually heterozygous for a variety of genes. |
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Term
|
Definition
a wek bond between hydrogen and a set of other elements, including oxygen.
are a subset of dipole-dipole interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
the transport or natural drift of molecules traveling from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
does not require outside energy from the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fluid skeleton in many soft-bodied invertebrates including annelids, that allows an organism to change shap but not volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical messenger that can either be made of peptides or lipids. secreted by glands in one part of the body, hormones afect glands and organs in another part. |
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Term
|
Definition
having a reluctance to mix with water
(usually nonpolar molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
having an affinity for water
(usually polar molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
biochemical reaction in which a new compound is formed by the joining of 2 compounds to release water
occurs in the synthesis of polysaccharides and polypeptides
opposite of hydrolysis |
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Term
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
|
Definition
a type of nucleic acid polymer built from sugar-phosphate backbones and nitrogenous bones
DNA's sugar: deoxyribose-has 1 fewer oxygen atom than ribose, found in RNA
BASES: AT CG pairing |
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Term
|
Definition
a flowering plant (angiosperm) that possesses 2 cotyledons during embryonic development
usually has taproots, flower parts in multiples of fours and fives, and branching veins in leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| the male gamete in sexual reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system |
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Term
|
Definition
eats other crap!
not producer!
-herbivores
-carnivores
-omnivores |
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Term
|
Definition
| an RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
the phase of the eukaryotic cel in which the cell divides
PMAT |
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Term
|
Definition
| a flowering plant (angiosperm) that possesses one cotyledon during embryonic development |
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Term
|
Definition
| each of the repeating units that make up a polymer |
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Term
|
Definition
| inorganic molecules required by the body to carry out life proceses |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex of microtubules that forms between opposite poles of a cell during mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a molecule or gene sequence that has a constant rate of change through accumulation of neutral substituations |
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Term
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Definition
| made the first observations of bacteria and protozoa using single-lens microscopes of his own design |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter released by neurons to excite an action potential or trigger a muscle to contract |
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Term
|
Definition
plays an important role in cell replication
in prophase, the centrioles migrate to the poles of the cell and form the mitotic spindle which allows the chromosomes to be organized and split when the cell divides |
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Term
|
Definition
part of the brain
makes sure that movements are coordinated and balanced |
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Term
|
Definition
part of the brain
controls all voluntary movement, sensory perception, speech, memory, and creative thought |
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Term
|
Definition
| a lower terrestrial plant (often moss or liverwort) that lacks a cascular system and is dependant on environmental moisture for reproductive and nutritive functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| solutions that resist change in pH even when acids and bases are added |
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Term
|
Definition
| roughly spherical underground bd containing additional buds that can develop asexually into new plants |
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Term
|
Definition
an ion or compound that removes H+ ions from solution
bases have pH values above 7
opposite of acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| an emulsifier of fats secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder for release in the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| asexual reproduction found in prokaryotes in which a cel divides into 2 equal daughter cells by a nonmitotic process |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of lving matter in a given ecosystem |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized membrane-bound structure in a cell that performs a specific function |
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Term
|
Definition
| a longitudinal rod of cells that forms in the least developed chordates and in embryonic stages of more developed chordates |
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Term
|
Definition
the main component of the cytoplasm
it is a grayish, dellike, liuid containing the nucleus, organells, and cytoskeleton |
|
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Term
|
Definition
most shallow zone in a marine habitat
periodically dry/wet with the changing tides.
algae,sponges,mollusks,starfish,and crabs inhabit this zone
[aka the littoral zone] |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane-bound organelle that produces most of the energy in eukaryotic cells though aerobic (cellular) respiration which generates ATP. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an atom or molecule that has lost or gained an electron and consequently has a positive or negative chargez |
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Term
|
Definition
the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle in which the cell prepares for division, primarily by replicating its DNA
after interphase, the cell enter mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
a situation in which the concentration f the solutes in a soution is eual to what it contains
there is no concentration gradient in isotonic solutions and no net flow of solutes or water |
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Term
|
Definition
| the male gametophye of gymnosperms and angiosperms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large molecule consisting of the same or similar units attached in a series, forming a chain |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of interbreeding organisms in a particular locale exhibiting a unique set of characteristics such as patterns of growth and reproductive strategies |
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Term
|
Definition
one organism eating another
-carnivorous or herbvorous |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone that prepares the uterus for embryo implantation and helps to maintain pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
the 3-carbon end product of glycolysis
the raw material of the krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st stage of:
-mitosis
-meiosis I and meiosis II |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary cytoplasmic protrusions of ameboid cells that function in movement and food uptake by phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
autotrophc organisms such as plants, plankton, and chemosynthetic bacteria that are able to synthesize organic compounds using energy from the sun or chemical reactions.
do not have to consume other oganisms to attain energy and are the foundation of every food web |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the stage of mitosis in which sister chromosomes are seperated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules
(the 1st stage of meiotic division meiosis I & 4th stage of meiosis II) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
a single celled organism that completely lacks membrane-bound intercellular organelles
posesses only a single circular strand of DNA
in kingdom monera |
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Term
|
Definition
| the organ system responsible for the intake of oxygen and diffusion of that gas into the blood and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the body |
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Term
|
Definition
rigid structure that surrounds the outer membrane of some cells and helps maintain their shape.
plant cells-contains cellulose
fungi cells-chitin
prokaryotes-usually peptidoglycan |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability of induviduals within a species to create offspring with members of any other species |
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Term
|
Definition
| an allele that cannot control the phenotype unless it is the only kind of allele present, as in a homozygote or hemizygote |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pictoral method of showing the gene combinations (genotypes) of offspring that might result from an experimental genetic cross of two parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one type of ncleic acid polymer. RNA nucleotide's sugars contain 1 more oxygen atom that DNA nucleotide's sugars.
AU CG |
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Term
|
Definition
| an outgrowth of a plant root that provides an increased surface area for the absorbtion of waterand dissolved minerals from the soil |
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Term
|
Definition
| slender horizontal stem that can form new plants via specialized nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green,leaflike structure that encloses and protects the unopened flower bud |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| non-living materials in the environment such as elements, sunlight, and soil that influence and are influenced by living (biotic) entities on the planet |
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Term
|
Definition
| a terrestrial plant with a vascular system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a plant loses water to its environment through evaporation |
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Term
|
Definition
| long-term growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| fleshy underground storage structure composed of an enlarged portion of the stem that has on its surface bds capable of producting new plants |
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Term
|
Definition
vascular tissue composed of cells that are dead at maturity
transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the shoot |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an artificial form of vegatative propagation in which parts of 2 young plants are joined together, first by artificial means and then by tissue regeneration |
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Term
|
Definition
| a vascular nonflowering plant (conifer) in which seeds are 'naked'-collected in a cone and not protected by an ovary. the dispersion of their spermatozoids often relies on wind. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
structures that create movement in an organism by contacting under a stimulus from a nueron
TYPES:
skeletal
smooth
cardiac |
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|
Term
|
Definition
occurs when 2 different alleles of the same gene are both partially expressed ina heterozygote
phenotype=mx of homozygous phenotypes of the 2 alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
behavior that is hard wired into the brain of an organism
behavior that does not have to be learned |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone secreted by the pancreas that reduces blood sugar levels. a lack of insulin can result in diabetes. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled structure within the ear that can detect balance |
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Term
|
Definition
a chromosome involved in defining the sex of an induvidual
humans-2 sex chromosomes
females: X, X
males: X, Y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mendel's 1st law:
induviduals have 2 copies of each gene, and that these copies seperate randomly during gamete formation, one copy per gamete.
*except for genes on sex chromosomes in males who only have 1 copy of such gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene located on a sex chromosome or to a trait defined by such a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any plant/animal cell that is not a germ cel (not passed down to offspring)the class of cell formed during mitosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1/2 of the motor system of the PNS
responsible for voluntary /concious movement
neurons in this system target skeletal muscles and releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the development of a species through evolution. a species forms when its members become reproductively isolated from all other organisms. can occur through geographic seperation that eliminates gene flow through adaptive radiation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a group of organisms defined by their ability to interbreed with only each other |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the unique role a population plays in a community. includes all the characteristics tat define the way a poplation exists in a community, from where the members live to what they eat, when they sleep, and how they reproduce. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a 3-nucleotide sequence in a DNA or mRNA molecule. each codon specifies a single amino acid. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a phenomenon in which 2 alleles of the same gene are fully expressed in the phenotype when both are present in a heterozygote. blood type is an example of codominance. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine that every living organism is composed of cells and that all cells come only from other pre-existing cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process in which the cell burns glucose to ATP with the aid of oxygen
TYPES:
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the phosholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells, regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a process in which cells reproduce
1.cell replicates its DNA
2. divides into 2 daughter cells
interphase + mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of life consisting a solution of organic molecules enclosed by a plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a firm but flexible substance found in regions of vertebrate skeletons, such as the ribs, that need to bend |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the part of a plant beneath the soil.
responsible for collecting water and minerals from the soil, storing nutrients, and securing the plant to the ground. can be fibrous or a taproot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the starting material that will undergo chemical change in a chemical reaction facilitated by an enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of interaction within a community that fals into 1 of 3 catagories:
commensal: benefits 1 does not affect other
parasitic: benefits 1 harms other
mutualistic: benefits both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of interaction within a community that fals into 1 of 3 catagories:
commensal: benefits 1 does not affect other
parasitic: benefits 1 harms other
mutualistic: benefits both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of interaction within a community that fals into 1 of 3 catagories:
commensal: benefits 1 does not affect other
parasitic: benefits 1 harms other
mutualistic: benefits both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of interaction within a community that fals into 1 of 3 catagories:
commensal: benefits 1 does not affect other
parasitic: benefits 1 harms other
mutualistic: benefits both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the gap between 2 neuons (space between axon of one and dendrites of the other)
in order to pass an implse across a synapse, neurons must release neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structures on the tongue that contain chemoreceptors which respond to 4 main sensations-
sour
salty
bitter
sweet
=sense of taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of biological classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue between bones and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the male gonads
sperm & testostorone are produced here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a hormone neccessary for sperm production in men.
also responsible for developing and maintaining the secondary sex characteristics of males. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a physical structure composed of a single long strand of DNA (and associated proteins) containing along its lenth many genes. the humane genome consists of 46 chromosomes contained within the nucleus of each cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic transmission of traits frm parents to offspring resemble their parents. traits transmitted this way are called hereditary traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trait found in different species that are morphollogically and functionally similar and that caomes from the same ancestral condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a common biochemical reaction in which the bond between 2 moleules is split by the addition of a water molecule.
the process that breaks down polymers and dimers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a monosaccharide with the chemical formula: C6H12O6
used as the raw material for cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st step of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
produces ATP while converting glucose to pyruvate, which is the raw material for the rest of aerobic respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a series of memrane-bound sacs in the eukaryotic cytoplasm.
takes proteins prodced by the endoplasmic reticulum and packages and secreetes them to various destinatins inside and outside of the cell. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| duct that connects the ovaries with the uterus. the pasage through which the ovulated egg travels from the ovaries to the uterus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the 2nd stage of anaerobic respiration.
TYPES:
alcholic
lactic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesizing organic compounds by enery derived from chemical reactionsrather than from the energy of the sun.
chemosynthetic organisms are autotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pigment located within a cholorplast that absorbs light in plant cells, helping to convert light energy through the process of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double-membrane bound organelle that contains chlorophyll and is foud in plant cells. chloroplasts are responsible for mediating photosynthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the broadest category of biological taxonomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before birth, the maturing cells that will grow into a fuly formed organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the name given to an embryo after it has developed organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light-indeendent phase of photosynthesis, where carbon is fixed to a 3-carbon compound used to form glucose.
ATP & NADH are consumed in this cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a carbohydrate monomer
ex. glucose and fructose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an instrument that uses an eletron beam to form clear and highly magnified images of microscopic structures.
electron microscopes cannot take pictures of living organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
english naturalist
proposed the modern theory of evolution through natural selection
went to the galapagos islands where his revolutionary observations took shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which the concentration of solutes in a solution is lower than what an organism contains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the open-ocean zone at the greatest dept in a marine habitat
photic zone: 600 ft below water's surface
aphotic zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bond between the amino acids in a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a metabolic pathway in aerobic organism in which acetyl-coA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.
[aka ctric acid cycle]
produces ATP energy in forms of: ATP, NADH, and FADH2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
final stage of aerobic respiration
establishes an eletrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers the synthesis of ATP in oxadative phosphorylation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mendel's 2nd law!
mendel's conclusion that during gamete formation, the segregation of one pair of genes has no influence over the segregation of another pair of hereditary units. 2 diff. traits will be inherited independently of eachother except for linked genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which an induvidual (homozygote) has the same exact allele on both homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which the concentration of solutes in a solution is higher than what it contains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes containing the same series of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells that lead to the production of gametes
produced by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double membrane of phospholipid molecules that provides the structure of the cell membrane formed naturally from the alignment of the 2 layers of lipids such that their hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other and their hydrophilic phosphate heads point outward into the watery environments inside and outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a double membrane of phospholipid molecules that provides the structure of the cell membrane formed naturally from the alignment of the 2 layers of lipids such that their hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other and their hydrophilic phosphate heads point outward into the watery environments inside and outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the brain responsible for temperature regulation, controlling hunger and thirst, and managing water balance.
it also helps generate emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which haploid sperm cells form through meiotic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which haploid sperm cells form through meiotic division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the grouping of fossilized remains according to relative and absolute age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
requires energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolutionary process by which ancestral forms of an organism are diversified through adaptation to new environments |
|
|
Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
|
Definition
the energy storage molecule for the cell
adenosine bonded to 3 phosphate groups each phosphate contains energy, by breaking these bonds the cell can get energy it needs for chemical reactions.
ATP built up through cellular respiration using the raw material of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two glands, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla located on the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form of cellular respiration that requires oxygen
produces 36 ATP per molecule of glucose
STAGES:
1.glycolysis
2.the krebs cycle
3.electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific form or possible version of a gene having multiple versions. alleles may be dominant or recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the frequency with which a particular allele for a certain characteristic appears among all possible alleles for that characteristic in a population |
|
|
Term
| alteration of generations |
|
Definition
| the function between the diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte) life stages that occur in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the monomer of a protein. a central carbon attached to an amino acid group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a hydrogen atom (-H). the fourth group is variable and defines the amino acid's chemical identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form of cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen
2 ATP per molecule of glucose
STAGES:
1.glycolysis
2.fermentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trait that is morphologically and functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside protective ovaries, such as fruit or flowers.
angiosperms can be monocots or dicots |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| pollen-producing structure at the top of the stamen, the male reproductive organ or flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of 3 nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein coat on the surface of red blood cells. a red blood cell may have a protein coat of type a, b, or ab. if the cell has no antigens, it is called type o. the presence of a foreign antigen in a body will cause blood to clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest artery in the body. carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| literally, zone without light. the aphobic zone is part of the marine pelagic zone and begins 600 ft below the surface of the ocean. only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in the habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
| vessel that carries blood away from the heart and has thick, elastic, muscular walls that can dilate or contact to control blood pressure within the vessels. blood in arteries is oxygenated, with the exception of the blood in the pulmonary artery. |
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Term
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Definition
the involuntary half of the peripheral nervous system.
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
interactions control:smooth & cardiac muscle, glands, organs, processes such as heartbeat,movements of digestive tract, and contraction of the bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
humans: 44 autosomes in 22 homologous pairs
2 sex chromosomes =23rd pair of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
an organism that can produce the organic molecules and energy neccessary for life through photosynthesis/chemosynthesis. do not reply on any other organisms for food
autotrophs=producers |
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Term
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Definition
| one in a class of plant hormones that stimulates (among other things) cell elongation, secondary tissue growth, and fruit development |
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Term
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Definition
carries nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes away.
liquid fluid=plasma
red blood cells-contain hemoglobin (iron containing protein binds oxygen)
white blood cells-fight disease
platelets clot to prevent extreme blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
rigid structures composed of living cells rooted in a matrix of calcium, phosphate salts, and collagen fibers.
bones are the primary component of most vertebrate skeletons |
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Term
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Definition
the center of the CNS coordinates the processes of the body
each region=diff. function
including:
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-medulla oblongada
-hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire content of the cell outside the nucleus. including the membrane bound organelles and the cytosol. |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle often found in protozoa that pumps excess water out of the cell to keep the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment (like freshwater) |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle responsible for protein synthesis. located in cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| the large, central organelle of eukaryotes. the nucleus contains the genetic material of the cell and controls cellular activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of membrane bound tubes and sacs in the cytoplasm. the endoplasmic reticulum is a major site of protein and lipid synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a digestive organ that releases enzymes into the small intestine. regulates glucose levels in the blood by the release of insulin or glucagon from specialized cells called islets of langerhans |
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Term
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Definition
| an organ that stores the bile produced by the liver and releases it to the small intestine during digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that produces the hormone thyroxine (increases metabolism of most cells in the body). located in the neck. |
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Term
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Definition
| gland that produces the hormone thyroxine (increases metabolism of most cells in the body). located in the neck. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of closely connected and similar cells that cooperate to generate a specific structure or specialized function within an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. the blood in the veins is not oxygenated, with the exception of the pulmonary vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which liquids or small solid particles are taken into a cell in the form of small vesicles that are produced through the invagination of the cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized gamete (usually female) produces female offspring. vastly increases the speed at which a population can grow, though it results in a loss of genetic diversity among members of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which haploid egg cells (ova) form through meiotic division. |
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Term
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Definition
| the final part of mitosis. a cell with duplicated contents splits into 2 independent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| final stage of mitosis before cytokenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a photograph of the chromosomes from an induvidual cell, usually lined up in homologous pairs, according to size. missing, extra, or abnormal chromosomes can then be easily identified, aiding in the diagnosis of genetic disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
the monomer of a nucleic acid.
1 phosphate group,a sugar,a nitrogenous base
CLASSES:
DNA- a, t, g, c
RNA-a, u, g, c |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during gamete formation. offspring from these gametes have either one too many or one too few of a particular chromosome. causes genetic disorders such as down syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| any observable feature or characteristic of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of genes, within a population or between populations, through mating |
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Term
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Definition
an error in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that in turn affects the production of proteins.
TYPES:
substitution-1 nucleotide is replaced by another
frameshift-a nucleotide is either inserted or deleted into the code |
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Term
|
Definition
| the series of codons that make up an organism's DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which an induvidual (heterozygote) possesses two dissimilar alleles for the same gene. the opposite is homozygous. |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental unit of heredity composed of a stretch of DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
one of the nitrogen containing bases in DNA and RNA nucleotides. 5 nitrogenous bases in living organisms.
DNA-adenine,thymine,guanine,cytosine
RNA-adenine,uracil,guanine,cytosine |
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Term
|
Definition
| the part of an enzyme that interacts with, or binds to, a substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of endocytosis in which cells ingest solid particles |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which water naturally travels from an area of high concentration to low water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the cycles in which inorganic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem. the 2 most important chemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cycles in which inorganic elements move through the biotic and abiotic aspects of an ecosystem. the 2 most important chemical cycles are the carbon and nitrogen cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of blood filtration in humanes. the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. |
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Term
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Definition
| circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue between bones |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain responsible for the control of involuntary functions such as breathing, cardiovascular regulation, and swallowing. |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of returning blood fluid, lymph, that has escaped from capillaries back into the bloodstream. defended against foreign bodies by lymphocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen ion (H+) donors. acids are very important in the chemical reactions of life because they are highly reactive. acids have pH values below 7. they are the opposite of bases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hydrogen ion (H+) donors. acids are very important in the chemical reactions of life because they are highly reactive. acids have pH values below 7. they are the opposite of bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein filaments that, along with myosin, allow muscles to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of cellular reproduction that results in the formation of 4 haploid cells from 1 diploid cell. contains 2 cellular divisions, meiosis I and II, that follow only 1 round of DNA replication. meiosis produces germ cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
white blood cell that is specialized to kill specific invading bacteria.
TYPES:
b cells
helper t cells
killer t cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein filament that, along with actin, allow muscles to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| was an austrian monk and scientist. he discovered the basic laws of heredity, including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. |
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Term
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Definition
| an energy-carrying co-enzyme produced by glycolysis and the krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a blood filtration and excretory organ characteristic of segmented worms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a blood filtration and excretory organ characteristic of segmented worms |
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Term
|
Definition
| a blood filtration and excretory organ characteristic of segmented worms |
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Term
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Definition
| a 28-day hormone sequence that defines the production, ovulation, and mestrulation of eggs in the female reproductive system. if fertilization of the egg occurs, the menstrual cycle stops. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny, tubule structures responsible for the filtering of blood in the kidneys of vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny, tubule structures responsible for the filtering of blood in the kidneys of vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| the internal tissue of a leaf between the epidermal cells. specialized for photosynthesis. contains the palisade or spongy layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 small glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. produces a hormone that regulates the level of calcium in the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ of blood filtration in arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| a conductive component (either xylem or phloem) of the vascular system that transports food and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that have developed fat, fur,hair,or feathers in order to retain heat produced by metabolic activities. [aka endothermic] |
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Term
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Definition
| in sexual reproduction, the diploid product of the fusion of the father's haploid sperm cell and the mother's haploid ovum (egg) cell |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord. the CNS acts as the central command center of the body. mostly made up of interneurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex molecules that usually serve as coenzymes, assisting in physiological processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| asecual reproductive process in which a small portion of the cell membrane and cytoplasm receive a nucleus and pinch off from the parent cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| control system of the body that functions by releasing hormones into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| a discrete unit of tissues that work together to perform specific functions within the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| control system of the body that functions by sending impulses through neurons to receive info. and spur muscles to action |
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Term
| inheritance of acquired traits |
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Definition
| a crucial, and incorrect, aspect of lamarck's theory of evolution. lamarck believed that the traits a parent acquired during its lifetime would be passed on to its offspring. |
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Term
|
Definition
| structure in the female reproductive system in which the embryo develops |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue that produces new vascular cells. lies between the xylem and phloem in dicot stems. |
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Term
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Definition
| after releasing its ovum (ovulation) the follicle becomes the corpus leteum which produces progesterone for the continued buildup of the uterine wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
| after releasing its ovum (ovulation) the follicle becomes the corpus leteum which produces progesterone for the continued buildup of the uterine wall. |
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Term
|
Definition
struggle for survival between organisms or populations that use similar resources and occupy similar niches.
interspecific-competitions between populations that may drive a population out of a community or push it to evolve a diff. niche
intraspecific-competition between individuals of the same species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of protein filaments found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which provides structural support for the cell. also helps with the movement of organelles within the cell. made of microfilaments and mircotubules. |
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Term
|
Definition
the exchange of genetic info. between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
crossing over can disrupt the normal linkage between genes on the same chromosome. |
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Term
|
Definition
the many populations that interact in a given geographical locale constitute ecological communities.
interactions:
competition
symbiosis
predation
food relationships
undergo ecological succession |
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Term
|
Definition
the many populations that interact in a given geographical locale constitute ecological communities.
interactions:
competition
symbiosis
predation
food relationships
undergo ecological succession |
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Term
|
Definition
| a dense, spherical body inside the nucleus of a cell. the nucleolus makes the RNA that is a structural component of the ribosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| genes that are located together on the same chromosome. will not undergo independent assortment during gamete formation. crossing-over will disrupt the linkage of 2 genes on the same chromosome if they are far enough apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that consume waste products and dead organic material constitute part of the food web. [aka saprophytes] liberate inorganic elements such as nitrogen and carbon and allow those elements to move back into their respective chemical cycles |
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Term
|
Definition
| organisms that consume waste products and dead organic material constitute part of the food web. [aka saprophytes] liberate inorganic elements such as nitrogen and carbon and allow those elements to move back into their respective chemical cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple cluster of nerve cells that acts as a coordinating center. in more sophisticated organisms:ganglia evolved into a brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a haploid plant or plant structure that produces haploid gametes through mitosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a haploid sex cell (either an egg or sperm cell) male and female gametes join during fertilization to create a diploid zygote. gametes are created out of germ cells and are passed down to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire set of specific alleles present in an organism or cell: the genetic info. that (together with the environment) defines the phenotype. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory organ capable of detecting sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to an allele that controls the phenotype even when a diff. allele is also present as a heterozygote |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sugar compound consisting of 2 carbohydrate monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
the total number of chromosomes present in a somatic cell.=twice the haploid number.
humans: diploid #=46 |
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Term
|
Definition
| system of organs that converts food to usable nutrients through mechanical and chemical breakdown |
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Term
|
Definition
characterized by specific climax communities. a particular geographic area with a common climate and characteristic plant and animal life
6 terrestrial- tropical rainforest, savanna,desert,temperate deciduous forest,taiga,tundra
2 aquatic-marine,freshwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| a rough polysaccharide that constitutes the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of anthropods |
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Term
|
Definition
| an interior skeleton found in vertebrates made of bone and cartiledge |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complex carbohydrate that constitutes the cell walls of plants and protist molds |
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Term
|
Definition
| an evolutionary theory (proved false by darwin) stating that species change over time by the use and disuse of structures and the inheritance of acquired traits |
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Term
|
Definition
behavior that an organism picks up over the course of its life.
3 TYPES:
habituation
conditioning
associative learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| the female gamete in sexual reproduction; also called an ovum. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a community of organisms and its abiotic environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of the interactions and relationships of populations with each other and their abiotic environments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of homologous pairs in a cell. half the diploid number. humans=23 haploid # |
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Term
|
Definition
| the progression of plant life and attendant animal life in a given geographic location, from pioneer plant to climax community |
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Term
|
Definition
| many connected food chains that exhibit the relationships of all predators to all prey constitute a food web |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a linear relationship of predators and prey |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a linear relationship of predators and prey |
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Term
|
Definition
| epidermal plant cells found in pairs surrounding the stomata of leaves. by increasing their size, guard cells regulate gas exchange by opening and closing individual stoma. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| theory describing the cell membrane as a dynamic structure with proteins floating, yet partially embedded, in a sea of phospholipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a whiplike structure projecting from the surface of some cells and single-celled organisms; coordinated waving of the flagellum allows the organism to swim. |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of molecules that cant pass through the cell membrane independently, but rather through permeable protein channels embedded in the membrane. doesnt require outside energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of molecules that cant pass through the cell membrane independently, but rather through permeable protein channels embedded in the membrane. doesnt require outside energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of molecules that cant pass through the cell membrane independently, but rather through permeable protein channels embedded in the membrane. doesnt require outside energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory organ capable of detecting light |
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Term
|
Definition
| a rigid,chitinous protective structure that surrounds the bodies of arthropods and provides support |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which molecules are secreted from the cell. exocytosis occurs when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the organ systsem that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes from the body in the form of urea or uric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organ systsem that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes from the body in the form of urea or uric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organ systsem that filters blood and removes nitrogenous wastes from the body in the form of urea or uric acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an organism whose cells have membrane-bound intracellular organelles including a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes. can undergo sexual reproduction via meiosis.
protists,fungi,plants,and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organism whose cells have membrane-bound intracellular organelles including a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes. can undergo sexual reproduction via meiosis.
protists,fungi,plants,and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an organism whose cells have membrane-bound intracellular organelles including a nucleus containing multiple chromosomes. can undergo sexual reproduction via meiosis.
protists,fungi,plants,and animals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stimulates growth of the uterine lining during pregnancy and that develops and maintains the female secondary characteristics. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hormone that stimulates growth of the uterine lining during pregnancy and that develops and maintains the female secondary characteristics. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| biological catalysts made from proteins. enzymes have attachment locations for substrates called active sites. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| energy in a community can be depicted as a pyramid of food, or biomass. the availability of food, biomass, and the energy from the trophic level of producers up through each subsequent level on the food web is approx. 10% of that available in the previous trophic level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sex organs that produce gametes. the gonads also release hormones such as testosterone,estrogen,and progesterone.
humanes:
males-testes
females-ovaries |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to gram's stain. depending on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, bacteria stain differently and are classified as gram-negative or gram-positive. |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| part of the electron transport chain. a process occuring in the mitochondria that results in the formation of ATP from the flow of electrons across the inner membrane to bind with oxygen. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the theory, first proposed by darwin, which holds that organisms produce as many offspring as possible, which compete for limited resources.
"better suited=survive longer"
ex. adaptive characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the theory, first proposed by darwin, which holds that organisms produce as many offspring as possible, which compete for limited resources.
"better suited=survive longer"
ex. adaptive characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heterotrophic organisms within the food web of a community.
primary consumers-eat producers
secondary consumers-eat primary consumers
tertiary consumers-eat secondary consumers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the 1st population to move into a geographic location and begin the process of ecological succession |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the medium depth zone of the marine biome. extends to 600 feet beneath the water's surface and sits on the continental shelf, hundreds of miles away from any shore.
algae,crustaceans,and fish inhabit this region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in the food web. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in the food web. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in the food web. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the stringy web of genetic material and histone proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. during cell division, each strand of DNA coils to form a chromosome. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bodily structures that developed in the past but no longer serve any function for an organism. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure that speeds the movement of action potentials along the axon of a neuron. the sheath is built of schwann cells, which wrap themselves around the axon of the neuron, leaving small gaps in between known as the nodes of ranvier. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area and maximize the absorption of nutrients |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a compound that regulates activity by binding to an enzyme to tell it when to catalyze a reaction. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as a link helping to convert messenger RNA into amino acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the female reproductive organ of the flower, composed of a stigma, style, and ovary; sometimes called the carpel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the female reproductive organ of the flower, composed of a stigma, style, and ovary; sometimes called the carpel |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
Definition
the pathways by which the CNS receives sensory info. from the body and sends commands to muscles.
PNS
sensory system:brings info. in from the body
motor system:sends commands to muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of lipid found in cell membranes. made up of: a single hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic lipid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of lipid found in cell membranes. made up of: a single hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic lipid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of lipid found in cell membranes. made up of: a single hydrophilic phosphate head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic lipid tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entire set of observable characteristics of an organism or cell. the physical traits of an organism. genotype+environmental factors=phenotype |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue composed of cells that are living at maturity. transports the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of white blood cell that kills invading cells by ingesting them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule that stores energy for harvest by the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 1st generation of offspring from a cross between 2 varieties of induviduals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the 2nd generation of offspring in a breeding experiment; the offspring from a mating between 2 F1 hybrids. |
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