Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology Midterm
Review
70
Biology
9th Grade
01/20/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Independent variable
Definition
- thing being tested in an experiment
- the one variable that is different between the control and experimental groups
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
- variable that changes because of the independent variable
-variable that is measured in the experiment
Term
Control group
Definition
used to compare results with the experimental group to see if the independent variable has an effect
Term
Control variables/constants
Definition
things kept the same between control and experimental groups
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
testable statement, possible explanation
Term
theory
Definition
thoroughly tested explanation that applies to a broad range of phenomena.
Term
scientific law
Definition
A statement describing a natural phenomenon that is always true
Term
homeostasis
Definition
maintaining a constant internal environment
Term
metabolism
Definition
all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism
Term
acid
Definition
low pH, release hydrogen ions, turn litmus paper red
Term
base
Definition
high pH, release hydroxide ions, turn litmus paper blue
Term
Indicators
Definition
substance that changes color in the presence of a certain substance.
-litmus paper turns red in acid
-iodine turns black in starch
Term
law of conservation of mass
Definition
matter can neither be created nor destroyed during ordinary chemical reactions
Term
organic
Definition
contains carbon
Term
inorganic
Definition
does not contain carbon
Term
monomer
Definition
building blocks of polymers, single unit, e.g. glucose or amino acids
Term
polymer
Definition
large molecule made of many monomers linked together
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
combining molecules while removing water
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
breaking apart molecules with the addition of water
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
-used for quick energy
-monomers = monosaccharides
- polymers = polysaccharides
contain C, H, & O
-e.g. starch and glucose
Term
lipids
Definition
- used to store a lot of energy
- contain C, H, & O
- fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol
Term
proteins
Definition
- made of amino acids
- functions include hormones, enzymes, structural molecules
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
- DNA and RNA
- made of nucleotides
- store hereditary information
Term
Enzymes
Definition
speed up chemical reactions, made of proteins, shape determines function
Term
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Definition
Each enzyme functions at a specific temperature. Too low or too high temperatures make the enzymes work more slowly. Really high temperatures make enzymes denature (unfold) so they won't work at all.
Term
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
Definition
Each enzyme works at a specific pH. Activity slows down at too high or too low pH.
Term
prokaryote
Definition
cells with no nuclei or organelles, e.g. bacteria
Term
eukaryote
Definition
cells with nuclei & organelles, e.g. plants & animals
Term
cell membrane - function & structure
Definition
- controls what enters & leaves cell (selectively permeable)
- phospholipid bilayer
Term
cell wall
Definition
rigid structure used for support, found only in plant cells
Term
mitochondria - function
Definition
makes energy for the cell
Term
chloroplast function
Definition
make food for the cell
Term
ribosome function
Definition
makes proteins
Term
vacuole function
Definition
- storage of water, wastes, etc.
- animals have several small vacuoles, plants have a large central vacuole
Term
nucleus function
Definition
controls the cell, stores DNA
Term
diffusion
Definition
movement of substances from high to low concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water
Term
active transport
Definition
movement of materials from low to high concentration using energy
Term
ATP
Definition
energy molecule of the cell
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion through a protein channel
Term
How do you make a wet mount?
Definition
1. place object on microscope slide
2. add a drop or two of water
3. place coverslip on slide at a 45 degree angle and slowly lower coverslip
Term
How can you add stain or a solution to a slide without removing the coverslip?
Definition
1. place a papertowel at one end of the coverslip.
2. add a drop of the stain/liquid to the opposite side of the coverslip
Term
abiotic factors
Definition
any non-living part of the environment
Term
biotic factors
Definition
any living part of the environment
Term
Population
Definition
A group of organism’s living in the same area
Term
Community
Definition
All the populations living in the same area
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
All the interactions between populations and communites
Term
Niche
Definition
The role or “job” of an organism
Term
Producer = Autotroph
Definition
Make their own food
Term
Consumer = Heterotroph
Definition
Must get food from other organisms
Term
Describe four points of the food chain.
Definition
1. Begin with energy from sun
2. Plant are always the first level
3. Usually 4-5 levels
4. All levels connect to decomposers
Term
secondary succession
Definition
Succession that occurs after a community is disrupted by natural or human disasters
Term
primary succession
Definition
Succession that results in new soil & land formations
Term
pioneer species
Definition
The first species to inhabit a new area
Term
climax community
Definition
The stable mature community that persists and undergoes very little change
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
The maximum number of organisms the environment can support
Term
What happens to energy as it moves from level in the food chain to the next?
Definition
Energy is lost as it moves from level in teh food chain to the next.
Term
Describe the Carbon Cycle
Definition
Found naturally in atmosphere as CO2
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Decay & Fossil fuels


Respiration
Term
competition
Definition
When organisms fight over limited resources
Term
biodiversity
Definition
The variety of species in an area
E.g. corn field vs. rain forest
Term
Why is biodiversity important?
Definition
Stability
E.g. hard for a pest to destroy all plants in diverse environment like a rain forest
Term
biomagnification
Definition
Process where chemical becomes highly concentrated in the bodies of upper level consumers
Term
invasive species
Definition
Introduction of organisms that are not native (natural) to an area
Term
acid rain
Definition
Occurs when sulfur & nitrogen combine with water
Term
climate change
Definition
Change in the climate (temp, precipitation, wind) last for an extended period of time.
Term
greenhouse effect
Definition
Occurs when sunlight passes through atmosphere gases
CO2, methane, H2O vapor
Gases trap & absorbs the sunlight resulting in an overall warming effect
Pollution can increase this effect
Term
ozone depletion
Definition
The ozone layer is made of ozone gas (O3) and is found between 20-50km above the Earth’s surface.
Absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) cause ozone to break down
Found in aerosols, refrigerators, & air conditioners
Ozone holes form
UV light can enter atmosphere
Kills producers
Cause cancer
Term
eutrophication
Definition
accelerated aging process in a pond / succession
caused by organic water pollution
Term
Sustainable use
Definition
use natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them.
Term
limiting factors
Definition
biotic or abiotic factors that can limit a populations size
Supporting users have an ad free experience!