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Biology Midterm Reveiw
It is what it is.
58
Biology
9th Grade
01/12/2011

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Term
Compound
Definition
A substance made of the joined atoms of two or more elements.
Term
Molecule
Definition
A group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the proportion 1:2:1.
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
The building blocks of carbohydrates, which are single sugars.
Term
Lipids
Definition
Nonpolar molecules that are not soluble or mostly insoluble in water.
Term
Protein
Definition
A large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules, called amino acids.
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
The building blocks of proteins.
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
A long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
Has three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group, which contain phosphorus and oxygen atoms.
Term
ATP
Definition
A single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups.
Term
Resolution
Definition
A measure of the clarity of an image.
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and any internal compartments.
Term
Organelle
Definition
A structure that carries out specific activities in the cell.
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
A lipid made of a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
Term
Lipid Bilayer
Definition
The basic structure of a biological membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids.
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
An extensive system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell.
Term
Vesicle
Definition
A small, membrane-bound sac that transports substances in cells.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Small, spherical organelles that contain the cell's digestive enzymes.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
Organelles that use light energy to make carbs from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
A difference in the concentration of a substance across the distance.
Term
Equilibrium.
Definition
That state in which a chemical reaction and the reverse chemical reaction occur at the same rate such that the concentrations of reactants and products do not change.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density.
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell.
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell.
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell.
Term
Ion Channel
Definition
A pore in a cell membrane through which ions can pass.
Term
Carrier Proteins
Definition
Proteins that transport substances across a cell membrane.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentrated gradient with the aid of carrier proteins.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
The transport of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient.
Term
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
Transports three sodium ions out of a cell, and two potassium ions into the cell.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
The movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle.
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
The movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell.
Term
Receptor Protein
Definition
A protein that binds to a specific signal molecule enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule.
Term
Second Messenger
Definition
Acts as the signal molecule in the cytoplasm.
Term
Gamete
Definition
An organism's reproductive cells; such as sperm or egg cells.
Term
Gene
Definition
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA molecule.
Term
Binary Fission
Definition
A form of asexual reproduction that produces identical offspring.
Term
Diploid
Definition
A cell, such as a somatic cell, that contains two sets of chromosomes.
Term
Haploid
Definition
A cell, such as a gamete, that contains one set of chromosomes.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
Chromosomes that are not directly involved in determining the sex of an individual.
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
Occurs when portions of a chromatid on one homologous chromosome are broken and exchanged with the corresponding chromatid portions of other homologous chromosomes.
Term
Heredity 
Definition
The passing of characters from parents to offspring.
Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition
A cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits.
Term
True Breeding
Definition
All of the offspring display only one form of the character.
Term
Genotype
Definition
The set of alleles that an individual has for a character.
Term
Ribonucleic Acid
Definition
A molecule made of nucleotides linked together.
Term
Uracil
Definition
A nitrogen base found in nucleotides.
Term
Transcription
Definition
A process in which the instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule.
Term
Translation
Definition
A process where cells use two different types of RNA to read the instructions on the RNA molecule and put together the amino acids that make up a protein.
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
The entire process by which proteins are made based on the information encoded in the DNA (protein synthesis).
Term
RNA Polymerase
Definition
An enzyme that adds and links complimentary RNA nucleotides during transcription.
Term
Codons
Definition
A series of three nucleotide sequences on the mRNA that the RNA instructions are written on.
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
The rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides that correspond that specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Molecules are single strands of RNA that temporarily carry a specific amino acid on one end.
Term
Anticodon
Definition
A three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon.
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
RNA molecules that are part of the structure of ribosomes.
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