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- neurotransmitter used in human nervous system
- binds to ion channels
- allows flow of ions into and out of the cell
- initiates electrical impulse
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| hydrolyzes acetylcholine to dampen nerve signal |
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- specific part of the enzyme that attaches to the substrate through h-bonds and ionic bonds
- r groups catalyze conversion of substrate to products and products are released
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- when a regular protein binds to a protein at one site which affects the function of a protein at a different site
- most common mechanism of regulating enzyme activity
- An enzyme must be made up of 2 or more subunits
- an activating or inhibiting regularoty molecule, binds to the regularory site and changes the shape of the molecule to either inhibit it or activate it
- ADP is an activator
- ATP is an inhibitor
- once single inhibitor activates all sites
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- An enzyme that speeds up a certain reaction without taking part in it.
- is reusable
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- an organic cofactor
- a nonprotein enzyme helper
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- non protein enzyme helpers
- inorganic
- organic (have carbon)
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- bind directly to the enzymes active site and compete with the normal substrate of the enzyme for binding
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- a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity
- binding of an enzyme at an active site, may stabilize favorable changes in the other active sites
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- The amount of energy it takes for a reaction to proceed.
- This energy is the amount of energy required to contort the molecules so the bonds can break
- amount of energy required to push the reactants over the energy barrier
- bonds can only break when enough activation energy is provided
- makes bonds unstable
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- A macromolecule that acts as a catalyst
- lowers the activation energy
- does not provide energy
- catalyze all reactions
- Enzyme activity may be affected by anything that alters the 3-d structure of the enzyme
- pH
- temperature
- chemicals that specifical interact with enzyme
- 4 mechanisms that enzymes use to lower Activation energy
- reactions that have 2 or more reactants that must bond to active site: enzyme has a template that fits both enyzmes together in the proper orientation
- enyzme stretches subtrate bonds toward their transition state; saves the enzyme energy which lowers Ea
- Active site provides a microenvironment that is more conductuve to a particular type of reaction than the solution itself would be without the enzyme; ex: acidic;basic
- direction participation of active site
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- sometimes processes involve brief covalent bonding bewteen the substrate and R groups; throughout the reaction the R groups are restored to original states
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| may be used to inhibit acetylcholinesterase from slowing down the signals of the acetylcholine thus resulting in continuously sent impulses |
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| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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| inhibitors that bind to the regulatory site in an enzyme |
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- less free energy than reactants
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- have more free energy than products
- must be catalyzed
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- reactant enzyme acts on
- enzymes only act on specific substrates
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- state at which a reaction has reached its total required activation energy and can finally begin to form products
- state at which bonds are unstable
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