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Biology Lab 1105
Exercise 11,16 & 24
48
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2009

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Term
Enzymes
Definition
catechol; proteins that control the reactions in cells
Term
Biocatalysts
Definition
accelerate metabolic reactions to biologically useful rates
Term
substrate
Definition
potato extract; reacting molecules
Term
enzyme-substrate
Definition
When enzymes bind to a substrate
Term
transition state
Definition
substrate becomes more reactive and the metabolic reaction accelerates
Term
energy of activation
Definition
energy needed to form a transition state; it is lowered by the enzyme
Term
denature
Definition
destroy its effectiveness
Term
optimal conditions
Definition
range of values for environmental factors such as temperature and pH at which an enzyme functions
Term
catechol oxidase
Definition
a plant enzyme that oxidizes catechol and converts it to benzoquinone
Term
catalase
Definition
an enzyme in plants and animals that speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, toxic to cells.
Term
peroxidase
Definition
enzyme in plants(such as turnips) and some bacteria that converts toxic hydrogen peroxide H2O to O2 in a reaction similar to that of catalase.
Term
competitive inhibition
Definition
similar to a substrate, compete for position of the active site with an enzyme
Term
biotechnology
Definition
the manipulation of organisms to do practical things and to provide useful products
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Term
molecular biology
Definition
the study of molecules critical to life
Term
genetic transformation
Definition
the uptake and expression of DNA by a living cell
Term
host organism
Definition
E. coli
Term
vector
Definition
DNA molecule that carries DNA sequences into a host; plasmid
Term
plasmids
Definition
circular pieces of DNA made of 1000 to 200,000 base pairs
Term
domains
Definition
above kingdoms
Term
Domain Archaea
Definition
Kingdom Archaebacteria; extremophiles
Term
Domain Bacteria
Definition
kingdom Bacteria; not extreme conditions
Term
Domain Eukarya
Definition
kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
Species with cells lacking membrane-bound organelles
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
Membrane-bound organelles
Term
extremophiles
Definition
extreme environments
Term
autotrophic
Definition
bacteria that derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules
Term
fission
Definition
the asexual reproduction of bacteria, in which cell's DNA replicates and the cell pinches in half without the nuclear and chromosomal events associated with mitosis
Term
conjugation
Definition
causes genetic recombination, all or part of the genetic material of one bacterium is transformed to another bacterium and a new set of genes is assembled
Term
sensitivity plate
Definition
a petri dish of solid medium that has been uniformly inoculated on its entire surface with a known bacterium or an unknown sample from an infected patient
Term
pigments
Definition
cholorphyll a, phycocyanin(blue), phycoerythrin(red)
Term
sheath
Definition
jellylike
Term
bacillus
Definition
(pseudomonas) rod-shaped
Term
Coccus
Definition
spherical (Streptococcus)
Term
Spirillum
Definition
spiral (Spirilla)
Term
heterotrophic
Definition
they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other ogranisms
Term
decomposers
Definition
they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissue
Term
active site
Definition
site of attachment and the surrounding parts of the enzyme that stress the substrate's bonds constitute the enzyme's active site
Term
Gram stain
Definition
technique used to classify bacteria, based on the different structural and chemical compositions of bacterial cell walls
Term
gram-positive
Definition
(Streptococcus, Micrococcus) thick cell wall that retains a purple dye; crystal violet is trapped in peptidoglycan lyaer
Term
Gram-negative
Definition
(E. coli, Serratia) thinner cell wall that does not retain the dye (red/pink color)
Term
stain
Definition
crystal violet iodine/purple; safranin=counterstain/ red
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
certain bacteria and cyanobacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen into other nitrogenous compounds that can be used as nutrients by plants
Term
nodules
Definition
contain nitrogen fixing bacteria
Term
Oscillatoria
Definition
grows as long chains of cells called trichomes; long/snakelike
Term
Nostoc
Definition
(witch's butter or starjelly) forms large, grapelike colonies; Trichomes of Nostoc consist of small vegetative cells and larger, thick-walled heterocysts, in which nitrogen fixation occurs; thin lines composed of connected circles
Term
Gloeocapsa
Definition
clusters of cells and therefore has a colonial body form (looks like olives in bowls)
Term
Merismopedia
Definition
groups of rows and columns of circles (like a telephone)
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