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Biology Final
Exam Review
49
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2009

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Term
causes of extinction
Definition
Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, introduced species, overexploitation of species, pollution, global warming
Term
consequences of extinction
Definition
Loss of resources, disrupting the web of life, psychological effects
Term
mutualism
Definition
a type of relationships between two species that provides benefits to both
Term
competition
Definition
limits the size of both competing populations. If one species is removed, the other dramatically increases
Term
predator-prey
Definition
when one is eliminated the other is significantly impacted, usually in a negative way
Term
three domains
Definition
bacteria, achaea, eukaria
Term
four kingdoms
Definition
protista, fungi, anamalia, plantae
Term
which kingdom was eliminated
Definition
monera
Term
distinguish features of protista
Definition
most single celled
Term
distinguish features of fungi
Definition
ingest food via absorption
Term
distinguish features of anamalia
Definition
multi-cellular, ingest other organisms to live. have ability to move.
Term
distinguishing features of plantae
Definition
make their own food by photosynthesis
Term
which domain is most unlike the others based on evolution
Definition
archaea
Term
distinguishes moss
Definition
non-vascular, produced by spores
Term
distinguish fern
Definition
vascular, produced by spores
Term
distinguish pines
Definition
non-flowering, seed producing
Term
flowering plants
Definition
flowers, seeds, most dominant of the categories
Term
bioprospecting
Definition
the search for plant and animal species from which medicinal drugs and other commercially valuable compounds can be obtained
Term
How HIV replicates
Definition
One of the fastest evolving entities known. It reproduces sloppily, accumulating lots of mutations when it copies its genetic material. One single virus can spawn billions of copies in just one day. To fight HIV, we must understand its evolution within the human body and then ultimately find a way to control its evolution
Term
Why does HIV evolve drug resistance, antigens and antibodies?
Definition
The asymptomatic phase is characterized by low levels of virus and high levels of T4 cells and antibodies —this phase can last 10 years or more, depending on health of patient and their access to drugs. During this phase, the virus evolves into different variants
Term
natural selection
Definition
an inference based on four observations: individuals within a populations vary, Some of the variation can be passed on to offspring, Populations produce more offspring than will survive, The organisms that best “fit” the environment survive and pass on their genes.
Term
Fitness
Definition
the relative survival and reproduction of one variant compared to others in the same population
Term
Adaptations
Definition
traits that increase an individual’s fitness in a particular environment
Term
Ecology
Definition
the field of biology focused on the interactions among organisms as well as between them and their environment
Term
Three levels of ecology
Definition
Population, community, ecosystem
Term
population
Definition
same species
Term
community
Definition
species interacting with other species
Term
ecosystem
Definition
communities interacting with their environment
Term
mark-recapture method
Definition
used for more mobile populations and involves capturing, re-capturing, and estimating
Term
exponential growth pattern
Definition
the quantity of new offspring is an every-growing number
Term
calculate growth rate
Definition
birth rate - death rate
Term
demographic transition of developed countries
Definition
have passed through it and have low population groth
Term
demographic transition of developing countries
Definition
still in transition, still have high growth rates
Term
two types of resistance factors
Definition
density dependent, density independent
Term
density dependent factors
Definition
cause growth rates to slow. examples: food supply, risk of infectious diseases, increased risk due to waste accumulation
Term
density independent factors
Definition
limit growth. example: severe weather, catastrophes, interference by man
Term
clumped distribution
Definition
high densities in a resources-rich area, low densities elsewhere. example: swamp plants
Term
uniform distribution
Definition
evenly spread out. species showing uniform distribution are often territorial. example: humans
Term
random distribution
Definition
occurs when no compelling factor is bringing individuals together or pushing them apart.
Term
heterozygosity _________ in smaller populations
Definition
declines
Term
offspring with homozygous alleles are likely when ___________ occurs
Definition
inbreeding
Term
genetic variability
Definition
the sum of all the alleles in the species
Term
keystone species
Definition
healthy ecosystems depend on their presence. they have a disproportionate impact on the environment.
Term
flower petals
Definition
attract insects that move pollen from one flower to another, helping fertilize
Term
double fertilization
Definition
the pollen carries two sperm. one fertilizes the embryo, and the other fuses with two nuclei in another cell to produce the endosperm, a tissue that nourishes the embryo
Term
fruit
Definition
consists of seeds packaged in a structure that aids their dispersal, such as tasty flesh or a parachute
Term
seeds
Definition
contain an endosperm and are highly resistant to drying
Term
how are fungi categorized
Definition
according to their mode of dispersing spores
Term
how do fungi obtain nutrients
Definition
Hyphae absorb and break down nutrients.
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