What is oxidation?

A. Removal of oxygen atoms from a molecule

B. Gain of electrons by an atom

C. Loss of electrons by an atom

D. Synthesis of complex molecule

The minimum input energy that initiates a chemical reaction is

A. Activation Energy

B. Independent of the laws of thermodynamics

C. Known as the activation energy

D. Always takes the form of heat

Activation energy is most like

A. Energy released by a ball rolling down a hill

B. Energy required to push a ball from the bottom of a hill to the top

C. Energy required to get a ball over a hump and onto a downward slope

D. Energy that keeps a ball from moving

Enzymes

A. Provide energy from anabolic but not catabolic pathways

B. Are consumed during the reactions that they speed up

C. Catalyze reactions that would otherwise never occur

D. Catalyze reactions that would otherwise occur much more slowly

The active site of an enzyme

A. Has the same shape for all known enzymes

B. Can bind both it's substrate and other kinds of molecules

C. Does not play a direct role in catalyzing the reaction

D. Can bring molecules together in a way that promotes a reaction between them

Metabolic pathways

A. Always break down large molecules into smaller units

B. Only link smaller molecules together to create polymers

C. Are often organized as multi-step sequence of reactions

D. Occur only in mitochondria

The chemical that functions as an energy-carrying molecule in all organisms is

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Water

C. RuBP

D. ATP

The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Sugars

C. Pyruvate

D. Water

Photosynthesis occurs in

A. Chloroplasts

B. Mitochondria

C. Cytoplasm

D. Glycolysis

The light-reactions in photosynthesis require

A. Oxygen

B. Chlorophyll

C. Rubisco

D. Carbon fixation

Glycolysis occurs in

A. Mitochondria

B. Cytosol

C. Chloroplasts

D. Thylakoids

The electron needed to replace those lost from chlorophyll in the light reactions of photosynthesis ultimately comes from

A. Sugars

B. Channel proteins

C. Water

D. Electron transport chain

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Glycolysis produces most of the ATP required by aerobic organisms

B. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, which is consumed by the Krebs cycle

C. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell

D. Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration

Which of the following is essential for oxidative phosphorylation?

A. Rubisco

B. NADH

C. Carbon Dioxide

D. Chlorophyll

Oxidative phosphorylation

A. Produces less ATP than glycolysis

B. Produces simple sugars

C. Is dependent on the activity of ATP synthase

D. Is part of the photosystem I electron transport chain

The reactant of photosynthesis are

A. Glucose and oxygen

B. Carbon dioxide and water

C. Glucose and water

D. Glucose and ATP

The products of photosynthesis are

A. ATP and NAPDH

B. ATP and NADPH

C. ATP and glucose and NADH

D. ATP and glucose and oxygen

The light independent takes place in

A. Cytoplasm

B. Mitochondria

C. Stroma

D. Nucleus

The products of light independent reaction are

A. ATP and NADPH

B. ATP and glucose

C. ATP and glucose and NADPH

D. Glucose and oxygen

Respiration

A. Is the oxidation of glucose

B. Is the reduction of glucose

C. Is the light dependent reaction

D. In Calvin cycle

Glycolysis

A. Is the degredation of glucose to pyruvate

B. Is the degredation of sugars to pyruvate

C. Is the oxidation glucose

D. Is the reduction of glucose

Glycolysis

A. Takes place in the cytoplasm

B. Takes place in the chloroplast

C. Takes place in the mitochondria

D. Is the reduction of glucose

During glycolysis

A. 2ATP are produced

B. 2ATP are consumed

C. 2ADP are produced

D. 4ATP are produced

During glycolysis

A. 2 NADH are consumed

B. 4 ATP are consumed

C. 2 NADH are produced

D. 1 pyruvate is consumed

Which statement is not true about chloroplasts?

A. Is a single membrane organelle

B. Contains thylakoids

C. Contains chlorophyll

D. Converts CO2 and H2O into sugars

Which statement is not true about the Calvin Cycle?

A. Occur in the stroma

B. Uses energy produced in the light reaction

C. Synthesizes sugar from CO2 and H2O

D. Produces ATP and NADPH

ATP synthase

A. Is an enzyme that makes ATP from ADP

B. Is an enzyme that makes ADP from ATP

C. Is an enzyme that uses energy to transport hydrogen

D. Is an enzyme the converts ATP into ADP and P

Fermentation is

A. Anaerobic respiration

B. Produces oxygen

C. Produces ATP

D. Produces ethanol in oxygen

A common feature of both chloroplast and mitochondria is

A. The use of chlorophyll

B. Production of CO2

C. Use of an electron transport chain

D. Presence in all cells

Photosystem II differents from photosystem I in that it produces

A. NADPH

B. Oxygen

C. A proton gradient

D. ATP

Most of the ATP produced by aerobic respiration comes from

A. Glycolysis

B. The citric cycle

C. Oxidative phosphorylation

D. Fermentation

Krebs Cycle

A. Converts pyruvates to CO2 and ATP

B. Takes place in the cytoplasm

C. Takes place in the chloroplast

D. In the thylakoid membrane

The pyruvate produced during glycolysis

A. Is converted to AcetylCoA which enters Krebs cycle

B. Is oxidized to give glucose

C. Enters electron transport chain

D. Is reduced to glucose

Glycolysis of one glucose produces

A. 1 NADH

B. 2 NADH

C. 3 NADH

D. 4 NADH

The complete oxidation of glucose generates

A. 2 ATP

B. 12 ATP

C. 24 ATP

D. 36 ATP

Oxidative phosphorlyation takes place

A. Mitochondrial membrane

B. Thylakoid membrane

C. Cytoplasm

D. Mitochondrial matrix

Anabolism is

A. Also called catabolism

B. Break down complex molecules to release energy

C. Create complex molecules and releases energy

D. Create complex molecules and uses energy

Which is not true about enzymes?

A. Very specific for reactions

B. Three-dimensional shape determines functions

C. Active site is region where the substrate binds

D. Can only synthesize molecules

Why are high fevers dangerous and sometimes life-threatening?

A. Molecules move faster in higher temperatures

B. Enzymes may change shape at high temperatures

C. Invading microbes survive better and reproduce faster at high temperatures

Metabolism

A. Is anabolism and catabolism

B. Is degradation of molecules

C. Is synthesis of molecules

D. Is an enzyme

ATP produced from glycolysis of 2 molecules of glucose

A. 1 ATP

B. 2 ATP

C. 3 ATP

D. 4 ATP

E. 5 ATP

How many ATP are produced when NADH enters the oxidative phosphorlyation?

A. 1 ATP

B. 2 ATP

C. 3 ATP

D. 4 ATP

E. 5 ATP

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

A. Both have double membrane

B. Chloroplast has one membrane and mitochondria has two

C. Chloroplast has two membranes and mitochondria hasone

D. Both have single membrane

Energy carrier molecules

A. Molecules that carry energy

B. Molecules that store energy

C. Molecules that synthesize energy

D. A and B

E. A and C

Glycolysis is

A. Degradation of glucose to form pyruvates

B. Synthesis of glucose from pyruvates

C. Take place in chloroplasts

D. Take place in mitochondria

In the cell, duplication of DNA occurs in the

A. G1 phase

B. S phase

C. G2 phase

D. Division stage

A karotype is

A. A display of all chromosomes in a diploid cell derived from an individual of a particular species

B. Necessary for the physical separation of the daughter cells

C. A pair of identical chromosomes

D. The same in all species

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Chromatin is more highly compacted in prophase than it is during the G2 phase

B. The key event of S phase is segregation of sister chromatids

C. The mitotic spindle first appears during metaphase

D. The cell increase in size during metaphase

Which of the following statements is not true?

A. DNA is packed into chromatins with the help of proteins

B. All the chromosomes in the somatic cell of particular species have the same shape and size

C. Each chromosome contains a single DNA molecule

D. Somatic cells are diploid

Which of the following correctly represents the order of the phases in the cell cycle?

A. Mitosis, S phase, G1 phase, G2 phase

B. G0 phase, G1 phase, mitosis, S phase

C. S phase, mitosis, G2 phase, G1 phase

D. G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, mitosis

Cytokinesis occurs

A. At the end of prophase

B. Just before telophase

C. At the end of mitosis

D. At the end of G1 phase

In fertilization, gametes fuse to form

A. A bivalent zygote

B. A haploid zygote

C. A diploid zygote

D. A triploid zygote

Human gametes contain

A. Twice the number of chromosomes than our skin cells

B. Only sex chromosomes

C. Half the number of chromosomes than our skin cells

D. Only X chromosomes

The reduction division is

A. Prophase of mitosis

B. Anaphase II of meiosis

C. Metaphase II of mitosis

D. Meiosis I

Meiosis results in

A. Four haploid cells

B. Two diploid cells

C. Four diploid cells

D. Two haploid cells

Alternative versions of a gene for a given trait called

A. Alleles

B. Heterozygotes

C. Genotypes

D. Copies of a gene

If A and a are two alleles of the same gene, then individuals of genotype Aa are

A. Homozygous

B. Heterozygous

C. Dominant

D. Recessive

When the phenotype controlled by two alleles are equally displayed in a heterozygote, then alleles are said to show

A. Codominance

B. Complete dominance

C. Incomplete dominance

D. Epistasis

Which is not true about homologous chromosomes

A. They contain the same alleles

B. They contain the same genes

C. One came from each parent

D. Each is duplicated during replication

Which is not true about chromatids?

A. They contain the same alleles

B. They contain the same genes

C. One came from each parent

D. Each is duplicated during replication

Meiosis ensures that

A. Each gamete receives the same genes

B. Chromosome number is doubled in the gametes

C. Zygotes produced by fertilization have the normal number of chromosomes

D. All paternal chromosomes end up in the same gamete

Which is not true about interphase?

A. The cells grow larger during interphase

B. Chromosomes are duplicated during interphase

C. Interphase is divided into three phases

D. Chromosomes segregate to daughter cells during interphase

The cell cycle is two main stages

A. Interphase and cell division

B. Prophase and cell division

C. Cytokinesis and cell division

D. Mitosis and cytokinesis

The interphase is divided into 3 stages

A. Growth after mitosis, growth before mitosis, and DNA synthesis

B. Cytokinesis, DNA synthesis, and growth after mitosis

C. Cytokinesis, DNA synthesis, and growth before mitosis

D. Growth after mitosis, growth before mitosis, and cytokinesis

Mitosis consists of

A. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

B. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and cytokinesis

C. Prophase, metaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis

D. G0, G1, S, and G2

Which is not true about prophase

A. Chromosomes duplicate

B. Chromosomes condense

C. Centrosomes move apart

D. Mitotic spindle begins to form

Which is not true about prometaphase

A. Nuclear envelope forms

B. Nuclear envelope breaks down

C. Chromosome condensation completed

D. Mitotic spindle extends from centrosomes

Which is not true about anaphase?

A. Microtubules extends

B. Microtubules shortens

C. Chromatids separate

D. Both A and C

Which is not true about telophase?

A. Mitotic spindle forms

B. Mitotic spindle falls apart

C. Chromosomes reach the poles

D. Nuclear membrane reforms

Which is not true about cytokinesis?

A. Mitotic spindle starts to assemble

B. Cytoplasm is divided

C. Two cells are formed

D. Both B and C

Haploid cells

A. Cells with one set of chromosomes

B. Cells with two sets of chromosomes

C. Cells with three sets of chromosomes

D. Cells with four sets of chromosomes

If an allele for tall plants (T) is dominanet to short plants (t), what offspring would you expect from a TT x Tt cross?

A. 1/2 tall, 1/2 short

B. 3/4 tall, 1/4 short

C. All tall

D. All short

Fur color in rabbits shows incomplete dominance. FbFb individuals are brown, FbFw individuals are cream, FwFw are white. What is the expected ratio of a FbFw x FwFw cross?

A. 3 white, 1 brown

B. 3 white, 1 cream

C. 2 white, 2 cream

D. All brown

A red carnation and a white carnation produce offspring that are all pink. The type of inheritence pattern occuring is

A. Complete dominance

B. Incomplete dominance

C. Codominance

D. Polygenic inheritance

Homozygous means the same two copies of the same allele

A. True

B. False

Genotype is the genetic makeup.

A. True

B. False

Different alleles originally arose from DNA mutation

A. True

B. False

Mutations are random and

A. Are always harmful

B. Are always beneficial

C. Are neutral

D. None of the above

Which is true about Mendel's concepts?

A. Offspring inherit one copy of a gene from each parent

B. Two copies of a gene separate in meiosis and end up in different gametes

C. Gametes fuse without regard to which alleles they carry

D. All of the above

The principle of independent assortment states that the alleles of a gene segregate independently of the alleles of other genes

A. True

B. False

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygote is an intermediate of the two homozygous

A. True

B. False

In codominance, both alleles are evenly expressed without being altered.

A. True

B. False

In pleiotropy, a single gene influences a variety of traits.

A. True

B. False

Albinism is an example of pleiotropy

A. True

B. False

In epistastis, one gene directly affects the expression of another gene

A. True

B. False

Internal and external factors influence the phenotype

A. True

B. False

Which is true about the following statements?

A. Gene are passed from parent to offspring

B. Some traits are controlled by a single gene

C. Some traits are controlled by many genes

D. All of the above

Autosomal-dominant disorders

A. Are carried on the X chromosome

B. Often express late in life

C. Are spread by carriers (heterozygous) mating

D. Are more common than recessive disorders

Genes that are linked on the same chromosome always segregate together

A. True

B. False

Variation among individuals are produced by

A. Mutations

B. Independent assortment

C. Crossing over

D. All of the above

Mutation in chromosomes are less common than mutation in genes

A. True

B. False

Genes that are located in two separate chromosomes always segregate independently

A. True

B. False

Genes that are DNA strands contain several chromosomes

A. True

B. False

Crossing over is the process by which linked genes get separated

A. True

B. False

Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells

A. Have no nucleus

B. Have many different types of internal compartments

C. Have ribosomes in their plasma membranes

D. Lack a plasma membrane

Which of the following would be found in a plasma membrane?

A. Proteins

B. DNA

C. Mitochondria

D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following organelles have ribosomes attached to them?

A. The Golgi apparatus

B. Smooth ER

C. Rough ER

D. Microtubules

Which organelles capture energy from sunlight?

A. Mitochondria

B. Cell nuclei

C. The Golgi apparatus

D. Chloroplasts

Which organelle uses oxygen to extract energy from sugars?

A. The chloroplast

B. The mitochondria

C. The nucleus

D. The plasma membrane

Which organelle contains both thylakoids and cistae?

A. The chloroplast

B. The mitochondria

C. The nucleus

D. None of the above

The atoms of a single element

A. Have the same number of electrons

B. Can form linkages only with atoms of the same element

C. Can have different numbers of electrons

D. Can never be part of a chemical compound

The two atoms can form a covalent bond

A. By sharing protons

B. By swapping nuclei

C. By sharing electrons

D. By sticking together on the basis of opposite electrical charges

Which of the following statements about molecules is true?

A. A single molecule contains atoms from only one element

B. Atoms in a molecule are linked only via ionic bonds

C. Molecules are found only in living organisms

D. Molecules can contain as few as two atoms

Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is not true?

A. They cannot exist without water molecules

B. They are not the same as hydrogen bonds

C. The involve electrical attraction between atoms with opposite charge

D. They are known to exist in crystals of table salt

Hydrogen bonds are especially important for living organisms because

A. They occur only inside of organisms

B. They are stronger than covalent bonds and maintain the physical stability of molecules

C. The enable polar molecules to dissolve in water, which is the universal medium for life processes

D. Once formed, they never break

Glucose is an important example of

A. Protein

B. Carbohydrate

C. Fatty acid

D. Nucleotide

Peptide bonds in proteins

A. Connect amino acids to sugar molecules

B. Bind phosphate groups to adenine

C. Connect amino acids together

D. Connect nitrogen bases to ribose monomers

An alpha helix is an example

A. Primary protein structure

B. Secondary protein structure

C. Tertiary protein structure

D. Quaternary protein structure

Sterols are classified as

A. Sugars

B. Amino acids

C. Nucleotides

D. Lipids

Unlike saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids

A. Are solid at room temperature

B. Pack more tightly because they have straight chains

C. Have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain

D. Have the full complement of hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to each carbon atom in the hydrocarbon chain

The most powerful new tool being used by biologist to determine evolutionary relationships today is

A. Behavior

B. The cell

C. DNA

D. Organs

Which statement is not true about the plasma membrane?

A. Consist of one layer to phospholipids

B. Defines the boundary of a cell

C. Is selectively permeable

D. Follow the mosaic fluid model

Which statement is not true about eukaryotes?

A. Contain DNA in a nucleus

B. Have membrane bound organelle

C. Have internal compartments for special functions

D. All have chloroplasts

Which statement is not true about nucleus?

A. Contains DNA

B. Surrounded by a double-membrane envelope

C. Contains nuclear pores

D. Contains ribosomes

Which statement is not true about rough ER?

A. Made of interconnected tubes and flattened sacs

B. Contains ribosomes

C. Makes secreted proteins

D. Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxication

Which statement is not true about lysosomes?

A. Contain enzymes to break down macromolecules

B. Clear cells of damaged organelles

C. Destroy invading bacteria

D. Aid in protein synthesis

Which statement is not true about mitochondria?

A. Is a single-membrane organelle

B. Membrane is folded into cristae

C. Where cellular respiration takes place

D. Synthesizes ATP

Which statement is not true about chloroplasts?

A. Is a single-membrane organelle

B. Contains thylakoids

C. Contains chlorophylls

D. Converts CO2 and H2O into sugars

Cytoskeleton provides internal support to the cell

A. True

B. False

Microtubules grow and shrink by adding or losing tubulin

A. True

B. False

Secreted proteins are synthesized on ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A. True

B. False

The main difference between amino acids is the

A. Central carbon

B. Amine group

C. Acid group

D. Side chain

What determines the folding pattern of a peptide turning into a completed protein?

A. The amino acid sequence (primary structure)

B. The source of the amino acids

C. The absorbance of light

D. The size of the ribosomes used

Lipids are also called triglyceride because

A. They have 3 fatty acids connected to glycerol

B. They have 3 fatty acids connected to phosphate group

C. They have 3 fatty acids connected glycerol and phosphate group

D. Make only 3 fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids contain

A. Only single bonds

B. Only double bonds

C. Single bonds and double bonds

D. No bonds

What is not true about DNA?

A. Single-stranded

B. Contain thymine instead of uracil

C. Contain deoxyribose instead of a ribose

D. Contain the genetic information

Sucrose (table sugar) is made of

A. Three glucose molecules linked to each other

B. Two glucose molecules linked to each other

C. Two fructose linked to each other

D. One glucose and one fructose

Cellulose is an example of

A. Polysaccharide

B. Protein

C. Nucleic acids

D. Lipids

An acid is a soluation with

A. High hydrogen concentration

B. High OH Concentration

C. Equal concentration of Hydrogen and OH

D. Has pH above 7

A buffer is

A. A weak acid or a weak base

B. Can accept or release hydrogen

C. Maintain homeostastis

D. All of the above

Photoautotrophs

A. Obtain nutrients from other organisms

B. Obtain energy from sunlight

C. Depend on other organisms for source of carbon

D. None of the above

There are three groups of fungi

A. Zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes

B. Zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and protists

C. Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and protists

D. Angiosperms, gymnosperms, and mosses

Giardia has two nuclei, to which of the following domains does it belong?

A. Archaea

B. Bacteria

C. Eukaryotes

D. None of the above

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all living organisms?

A. Movement

B. Reproduction

C. Breathing

D. Photosynthesis

Which is not true about Golgi apparatus?

A. Made of stacked, flattened membrane sacs

B. Adds specific chemical groups to proteins

C. Target protein to their destinations

D. Involved in protein synthesis

Proteins within the plasma membrane can function as enzymes or transporter

A. True

B. False

The phospholipids of the plasma membrane contain

A. Two hydrophilic tails and a hydrophilic head

B. Two hydrophilic tails and two hydrophobic heads

C. One hydrophobic tail and one hydrophilic head

D. Two hydrophobic tails and one hydrophilic head

Cytoskeleton is made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediary filaments

A. True

B. False

Which is not true about prokaryotes?

A. Abundant

B. Reproduce quickly

C. Can live in extreme conditions

D. There are all aerobes

Fungi are all parasites

A. True

B. False