1. all living things are made of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

• simple
• no nucleus
• no membrane bound organelles
• Ex) bacteria

• complex
• nucleus
• membrane bound organelles
• Ex) anything but bacteria

• determines what enters and leaves the cell through pores
• "selectively permeable"

• directs the activities of the cell
• DNA
• Brain

• surrounds the nucleus
• determines what enters and leaves the nucleus
• protects

• makes ribosomes
• protein synthesis

• DNA and protein
• will form chromosomes during cell division

• area between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane

• gelatin-like material found in the cytoplasm

• makes energy for cell
• "Powerhouse of the cell"
• converts food into ATP
• contains its own DNA
• double membrane

• make protein
• "Protein Factories"
• made of protein and RNA
• can be free or attached

• channels to transport materials throughout the cell

• channels - ribosomes attached
• once protein are made they are transported by RER

• channels - no ribosomes attached
• synthesize steroids (ovaries/testes)
• break down toxic substances (liver)

• contain powerful digestive enzymes
• digests protein, lipid, and even worn out cell parts
• "suicide sacs" - destroy cell

• stores extra food and water

• modifies and packages protein for export
• releases substances produced by the cell

• cell skeleton
• gives framework and structure to the cell
• made of microtubules and microfilaments

• larger tubes
• important in cell division
• can also form cilia and flagella

• smaller tubes
• important in muscle contraction

• found only in animal cells
• important in cell division

• contains cellulose
• gives structure and support
• bacteria

• contains chlorophyll
• photosynthesis
• DNA
• double membrane

process by which molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

(no energy)

even concentration of molecules in and out of the cell

(molecules keep moving)

solution which surrounds the cell and causes water to enter the cell

(cell increase in size, can cause cell to burst)

solution which surrounds the cell causes the water to leave the cell

(cell shrinks)

solution inside the cell is equal to the solution outside of the cell

(no change in cell)

• requires energy
• molecules move from high to low

uses transport proteins as channels to bring in or remove ions

(no energy needed, some channels are always open, some respong to chemicals or electrical stimuli)

• requires energy
• moving molecules from low to hight concentration

uses a transport protein

(Sodium Potassium Pump)

materials are leaving the cell, removing material from the cell, requires energy

(Exit)

bring material into the cell, requires energy

(Enter)

very specific for a particular molecule, cell has receptor sites that pick up a particular molecule

(Hypercholesteremia)

the process by which a green plant takes light and makes a chemical compound (food)

Light enery to Chemical energy

the plant must give off oxygen

(candle experiment)

• light dependent phase
• take light and converts the light to chemical energy
• Light to ATP, NADPH

does not need light directly

(Calvin cycle)

• temperate regions (beans/wheat)
• stomata: open - day, closed - night
• immediately fixes carbon from CO2 into PGA and uses Calvin cycle
• grows the best

• live in tropics (sugar cane)
• Stomata: open- day except hottest part of day, closed - night
• grabs carbon from CO2 when stomata is opened and temporarily holds it in a 4 carbon compound
• during hottest part of day they release carbon from 4 carbon compound and goes in calvin cycle

• grow in desert
• stomata: open - night, closed - day
• grabs carbon from CO2 at night and puts it temporarily in a variety of organic compounds
• during the day carbon is released from the organic compounds and used in calvin cycle
• growth is extremely slow