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Biology Exam #2
Nelson
72
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/31/2008

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Why Study Biology?

Definition

 

 

Medicine

Agriculture

Environment

Aesthtic - Beauty

Term

 

 

 

 

What are the Freshwater Provinces?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Lakes

Streams

Wetlands

Term

 

 

 

 

Lakes are...

Definition

 

 

 

 

still standing

Term

 

 

 

 

Streams...

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

flow

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Wetlands are...

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Soggy Soil

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the Oceanic Provinces?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Benthic

Pelagic

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Benthic means...

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bottom

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Pelagic Means...

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Free Floating

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Intertidal Zone

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a benthic dominated area

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Estuary

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

shallow edge habitat - most important for new organisms in the ocean they are

needed to populate the sea

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Coral Reef

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a very productive coastal zone

they only occur in shallow water

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Coral reefs are equivalent to what in production of diversity?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Tropical Rainforests

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Rule of the Tinkerer

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Saving things because we don't know what it is or whta it is used for

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Anaerobic Repiration

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Burning food without oxygen

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Lactate Fermentation

Definition

 

 

 

 

When lactose ferments

(yogurt, cheese, sore muscle etc...)

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Alcoholic Fermentation

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

the reason bread rises

Term

 

 

 

 

In what order do carbohydrates, sugars and

fats burn?

Definition

 

 

 

 

1) Carbohydrates

2) sugars

3)fats

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the four trophic levels?

Definition

 

 

 

1) Primary Producers

2) primary consumers (herbivores)

3) secondary consumers (carnivores)

4) Tertiary Consumers

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the three ecological pyramids?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Pyramid of Numbers

Pyramid of biomass

Pyramid of energy

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Key Stone Species

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a species that is disproportionally importatnt in its ecosystem

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Two examples of a keystone species

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Sea Otters

Driver Ants

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Bombadier Beetle

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a beetle that explodes hydrogen peroxide out of

its anus

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Assembly Rule #1

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

food chains are short: much filed work reveals taht food webs have the chains in five or fewer links - the ends of food chains are easy to identify

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Assembly Rule #2

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

The number of links does not gorw larger as the size of the community grows larger

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the most abundant/redundant species?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

ones that are in the middle of the food chain

Term

 

 

 

 

As the number of species increases, What else also increases?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

The number of interactions

Term

 

 

 

 

What could happen if one species is

taken away?

Definition

 

 

 

 Everything will fall apart

It will heal

Nothing much at all

The food chain would change

A new species would evolve

It would change the balance of things

Term

 

 

 

 

 

DNA:

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

genetic information that takes part in four

different process

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the four process that DNA takes

place in?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Replication

Transcription

Translation

Regulation

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Replication

Definition

 

 

 

 

happens in the nucleus

multiplies DNA in exact copies then uses them for complete reproduction

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Transcription

Definition

 

 

 

 

happens in the nucleus

take sthe information in DNA and turns it into RNA that moves form the nucleus to the cytoplasm,where protein synthesis occurs -

same language, different use

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Translation

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Happens in cytoplasm

Changes RNA to protein 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the four players in Translation?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Ribosome with rRNA

Polypeptide Chain: produt becomes a protein

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Gene

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

A length of DNA

Term

 

 

 

 

 

How many genes do we have in our body?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

20-30,000

Term

 

 

 

 

 

If we stretched out the DNA in just one cell in our bodies how long would it be?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Roughly 6 Feet Tall

Term

 

 

 

 

 

In every human body there are...

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

body cells and sex cells

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Mutation

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What is the original source of all new alleles and ultimately the diversity of life?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Mutation

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the Four types of mutation?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Substitution

Insertion

Deletion

Trasposable Elements

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Substitution

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a mutation where you go to one spot of the DNA

and change one base for another

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Insertion

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

stretch apart the DNA put another base in there and match it up with another one

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Deletion

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

a form of mutation where you remove a base

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Transposabe Elements

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

take multiple bases at once and move it to another place of the DNA

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the Causes of Mutation?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Spontaneous

Environmental

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are some examples of Environmental

Mutation?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Ultraviolet Radiation

Ionizing Radiation (Nuclear Radiation)

Natural Chemicals

Synthetic Chemicals

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the two processes of Cell Division?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Mitosis and Meiosis

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Chromosome Number

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

sum total of chromosomes in a cell is diploid, 2n, if each cell has 2 of each type of chromosome and it's haploid cel lif each cell has only one of each type of chromosome

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Mitosis

Definition

 

 

 

 

stresses uniformity, exact copies, clones, maintians chromosome number. can be diploid or haploid, but doesn't change from one to the other

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Meiosis

Definition

 

 

 

 

allows for variety, maintains correct number, but halves the chromosome number (reduces diploid to haploid) only occurs in sex cells

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

In Meiosis 1

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Homologous chromosomes separate

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Prophase

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

homologous chromosome pair and exchange segments 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Metaphase

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

tetrads line up

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Anaphase

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

pairs of homologous chromosomes split up

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Telophase and Cytokenesis

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Two diploid Cells form - chromosomes are

still double 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What do you end up with at the end of

meiosis 1?

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Two haploid cells

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Meiosis 2

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

sister chromatids separate - 4 haploid daughter

cells result containing single chromosomes

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the Sources of Variation?

Definition

 

 

 

 

Gene Mutation

Crossing Over

Independent assortment

Fertilization

Change in chromosome number or structure

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What does the diversity of life as we

know it hinge on?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Reproduction (continuity and increase)

Term

 

 

 

 

 

How do we measure success in biology?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

when a species survives and reproduces

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Continuity

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

fights extinction and continues a species

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Increase

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Have to produce more in order to survive - safety in numbers

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the two types of Reproduction?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asexual and Sexual

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Asexual Reproduction

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reproduction without sexual interaction

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Once Asexual organisms find a good

habitat they...

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

can fill the habitat quickly

Term

 

 

 

 

 

What are the results of Asexual Reproduction?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

unity, similarity and sameness

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Examples of Asexual organisms

Definition

 

 

 

 

E-coli

Aspens

Dandelions

Aphids 

Human Cells

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Results of Sexual Reproduction

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Diversity, continuity and increase -

mix up, shuffle the variations, create new combinations - diversity, variation and uniqueness

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Abiotic

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

non living

Term

 

 

 

 

 

How much solar energy is used by

living organisms?

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

less than 1%

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Ecosystem

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

the biotic community and its abiotic environment ...or...

an association of organisms and their physical environment, interconnected by an ongoing flow of energy and cycling of meterials through it.

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Eutrophication

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

too much of a good thing

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