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Biology Exam #1
All the biology stuff from first semester.
133
Biology
9th Grade
01/11/2009

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Cards

Term
1. cell structure 2. organization 3. energy use 4. homeostasis 5. growth 6. reproduction
Definition
Name the 6 Characteristics of Life
Term
1. Observe 2. Question 3. Research 4. hypothesis 5. Experiment 6. Observation 7. Conclusion
Definition
Name the Steps of the Scientific Meathod
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
organisms whose genetic material is not contained within a nucleus and organelles not bound by membranes
Term
Cell theory
Definition
refers to the idea that cells are the basic unit of structure in every living thing
Term
Plant Cell
Definition
a cell that is a structural and functional unit of a plant
Term
Animal Cell
Definition
basic unit of structure and function in an animal
Term
Protoplasm (plant and animal)
Definition
Carries out many chemical reactions in the cell. Moves the cell. Transports within the cell.
Term
Cell wall (plant)
Definition
Provides the cell with structural support, protection and acts as a filter. Prevents over expansion.
Term
Cell Membrane (plant and animal)
Definition
selectively permeable lipid bilayer.
Term
Cytoplasm (plant and animal)
Definition
supports and protects the organelles
Term
Centrosome (animal)
Definition
made up of centrioles and used in cell division
Term
Golgi Body (plant and animal)
Definition
a packaging organelle that forms lysosomes
Term
Lysosome (animal)
Definition
breaks down larger food molecules and digests old cell parts.
Term
Mitocondria (plant and animal)
Definition
"power house" of the cell where ATP is made
Term
Nuclear membrane (plant and animal)
Definition
regulates what goes in and out of the nucleus
Term
Nucleus (plant and animal)
Definition
stores the DNA used for communication. controls everything in the cell
Term
Nucleolus (plant and animal)
Definition
produces ribosomes (inside the nucleus)
Term
Ribosome (plant and animal)
Definition
made of proteins and RNA. produces proteins
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (plant and animal)
Definition
responsible for protein translation, folding, and transport of proteins
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (plant and animal)
Definition
carries material through cell
Term
Vacuole (plant-one large and animal-many small)
Definition
store water, food, waste (plants need to store large amounts of food)
Term
Amyloplast (plant)
Definition
responsible for storage of a starch called amylopectin. they convert the starch into sugar for energy
Term
Chloroplast (plant)
Definition
contains the plant cell's chlorophyll, which provides the green color. where photosynthesis takes place
Term
Cilia (plant and animal)
Definition
for single cells, this enables them to swim. can also move liquid over the cell
Term
Flagella (plant and animal)
Definition
enables sing cells to swim
Term
Control Group
Definition
in a controlled experiment, this is the group in which all the variables remain constant, including the independent variable.
Term
Experimental Group
Definition
in a controlled experiment, the group in which the independent variable is manipulated.
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
in an experiment, any change that results from the manipulation of the independent variable.
Term
Experiment
Definition
scientific test of a hypothesis used to determine whether or not the hypothesis is correct
Term
Data
Definition
collection of bits of information about the natural world; for example, measuring the height of plants in sunny and shady fields provides data
Term
Inference
Definition
general conclusion that is drawn from information that is already given
Term
Observation
Definition
take, notes, watch listen. Something you can see or hear
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
statement formed by analyzing observations and sorting through possible causes of the effect noted
Term
Model
Definition
an approximation of a real system that omits all but the most essential variables of the system
Term
Theory
Definition
a major hypothesis that has withstood the test of time; although always subject to revision
Term
Law
Definition
a statement about events that always occur in nature; for example, the law of gravitation
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
the only variable to be manipulated in a controlled experiment
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
an organism that makes its own food through chemosynthesis or photosynthesis; blue-green bacteria are autotrophs
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
an organism requiring complex organic molecules for energy, and that must feed on matter produced by other organisms
Term
Development
Definition
a series of changes an organism undergoes in reaching its final, adult form; one of the four functions that distinguishes organisms as living creatures
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a steady state of internal operation of a living organism regardless of external changes
Term
Biology
Definition
a branch of science that deals with living organisms and processes vital to life
Term
DNA
Definition
the material inside the nucleus in cells that carries genetic information
Term
Organism
Definition
anything capable of carrying on the life processes of reproduction, growth and development, homeostasis, and organization; more than 2 million organisms have been identified
Term
Differentiation
Definition
a developmental process by which generalized cells become specialized in order to form such structures as the brain and spinal cord
Term
Cell Division
Definition
the formation of two or more daughter cells from a single parent cell
Term
Multicellular Oganisms
Definition
organisms complex enough to have more than one cell
Term
Organization
Definition
an orderly, interrelated system of vital life processes of functions performed by a living organism; for example, different kinds of cells group together to make up structures with complex organization
Term
Growth
Definition
an increase in the amount of living material in an organism; a function carried out by all organisms
Term
Energy
Definition
the ability to do work
Term
Unicellular Organisms
Definition
organisms made up of only one cell
Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
Term
Proton
Definition
a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron
Term
Reactants
Definition
the substances that combine in a chemical reaction (in the beginning of a chemical reaction)
Term
Products
Definition
the results of combined reactants (at the end of the chemical reaction)
Term
Solid
Definition
a state of matter that retains it's shape and volume
Term
Gas
Definition
a state of matter with no definite shape or volume
Term
Enzyme
Definition
a protein that lowers the activation energy of a reaction (biological catalyst)
Term
Free Energy
Definition
amount of energy that's available to do work
Term
State of Matter
Definition
a physical form of matter that can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
Term
Liquid
Definition
fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume
Term
Energy Level
Definition
a region outside the nucleus that holds electrons
Term
pH Scale
Definition
scale ranging from 0-14, that indicates the number of hydrogen ions in a substance
Term
Solute
Definition
a substance that is dissolved by another substance to form a solution
Term
Acid
Definition
a solution that has a pH less than 7 and has high H+ concentration
Term
Solvent
Definition
a liquid capable of dissolving another substance to form a solution
Term
Base
Definition
a solution that has a pH more than 7 and has high H- and accepts H+
Term
Neutron
Definition
a particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom and has no electrical charge
Term
Electron
Definition
subatomic particle carrying a negative electric charge in atoms or molecules, found in the energy orbital's of the atom
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
a chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons between two atoms (forms between 2 metals)
Term
Compound
Definition
a substance with 2 or more elements that combine chemically
Term
Mixture
Definition
a substance made by combining 2 or more compounds, but it NOT chemically bonded
Term
Molecule
Definition
the smallest division of a compound that still retains or exhibits all the properties of the substance
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
the combination of two or more atoms by sharing electrons (forms between 2 non metals)
Term
Ion
Definition
an atomic particle that is electrically charged, either negatively or positively, that results from gaining or loosing electrons
Term
Element
Definition
any one of the simplest chemical substances that cannot be decomposed in a chemical reaction, they are composed of only one type of atom, and may be distinguished by the number of protons
Term
Solution
Definition
a homogeneous mixture that contains different substances that are the same throughout
Term
Homogeneous Mixture
Definition
solutions that has the same amount of particles throughout the whole solution, and is a mixture of two or more substances
Term
Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
unevenly distributed amount of particles throughout the mixture, and is a mixture of 2 or more substances
Term
Periodic Table
Definition
a table arranging and classifying the elements in order of atomic number, and also tells us the chemical symbols and atomic mass
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
one sugar molecule
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
the basic building block of protein
Term
Polar
Definition
having a pair of equal and opposite charges
Term
Cohesion
Definition
attraction between the same types of molecules
Term
Adhesion
Definition
attraction between unlike particles
Term
Polymer
Definition
a complex molecule made up of smaller units linked together
Term
Lipid
Definition
a large biological molecule, it has more hydrogen than oxygen, made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, it is non polar and does not dissolve in water
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
organic substance, found in all living cells, in which the hereditary information is stored and from which it can be transferred
Term
Capillarity
Definition
the movement of water going up the tubes of a plant's capillaries
Term
Tissue
Definition
a group of cells with a related function
Term
System
Definition
a set of organs that work together to perform a function
Term
Metabolism
Definition
the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
a complex cell containing membrane bound organelles
Term
Organ
Definition
a structure of 2 or more tissues that work together to carry out a specific function
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
a relationship of one type of organism with another
Term
Active Transport
Definition
when a cell moves a chemical across the cell membrane against the diffusion gradient
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration
Term
Osmosis
Definition
diffusion of molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
a process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane
Term
Excocytosis
Definition
the secretion of substances through cellular membranes, either to excrete waste products or as a regulatory function
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
a process of diffusion, a form of passive transport facilitated by transport proteins
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion
Term
Dynamic Equilibrium
Definition
occurs when two opposing processes proceed at the same rate
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
the cellular process of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
the monomer of a carbohydrate
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
this forms energy for the organism (glucose)
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
the monomer of a protein (there are 20 different kinds of them)
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
the polymer of a carbohydrate
Term
Dipeptide
Definition
the polymer of a protein
Term
Protein
Definition
enzymes (biological catalyst)
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
the monomer of a nucleic acid
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
the polymer of a nucleic acid
Term
Fatty Acids
Definition
the monomer of a lipid
Term
Complex Lipids
Definition
teh polymer of a lipid
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
stores information in the cell (DNA OR RNA)
Term
Lipids
Definition
used for energy, used to make up cell membrane, and used as a protective coating (wax)
Term
Mass
Definition
the amount of matter
Term
Weight
Definition
the affect of gravity on matter
Term
Carbon
Definition
makes up all living things, organic compound, and makes for bonds
Term
Atoms
Definition
simplest particle of an element that has all of its properties
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
number of protons
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
number of protons and neutrons
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
atoms share electrons
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition
atoms transfer electrons
Term
Endergonic Reactions
Definition
reactions the require energy
Term
Exergonic Reactions
Definition
reactions that release energy
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are types of ___________
Term
Active Transport
Definition
portein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis are types of __________
Term
Concentration
Definition
the amound of solute in solvent
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water. (cell swells)
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
the solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water (cell shrinks)
Term
Isotonic
Definition
concentraion of solute is equal to teh concentraion of water (cell is all good)
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