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| A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. |
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| A close relationship between two variables in an event or situation. |
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| The energy that must be added to a chemical reaction to get the reactants to reach their highest-energy state. |
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| An organic molecule that functions as the building block for proteins; it contains both an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. |
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| Organisms that can synthesize their own food from inorganic substances. |
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| A polymer of glucose that is used primarily for structure in plants. |
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| Adenosine triphosphate, a large molecule made of an adenine molecule, a ribose molecule, and three phosphate groups. ATP is often called the cell's "energy currency." |
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| An attractive force between two or more atoms or ions that holds them together. |
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| A chemical bond where the electrons are shared between atoms. |
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| A five-carbon monosaccharide found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). |
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| Protein that folds into an elongated shape so that it can serve a wide variety of structural functions in the cell. |
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| A protein that folds into a compact shape so that the polar and ionic amino acids are on the outside and the nonpolar amino acids are on the inside. |
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| An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms. |
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A monosaccharide that contains six carbon atoms. |
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| An attractive force between a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom on one molecule and an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom on another molecule. |
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| A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water. |
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| A chemical bond formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions. |
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| A compound with the same chemical formula as another compound, but with a different arrangement of atoms that gives the molecule different chemical and physical properties. |
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| A nonpolar molecule that is not soluble in water. |
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| A small molecule that is used to form a larger molecule. |
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| A carbohydrate that contains just one sugar unit. |
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| A monosaccharide that contains five carbon atoms. |
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| A scale that indicates the acidity of a solution; it is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions. |
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| A lipid molecule formed by the condensation reaction between glycerol, two fatty acid molecules, and a phosphate group. |
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| A large molecule that is formed when small molecules are joined. |
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| A carbohydrate that contains many sugar units. |
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| One of six chemical elements that make up more than 99% of living matter; these include calcium, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus. |
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| A five-carbon monosaccharide found in ribonucleic acid (RNA). |
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| One of five chemical elements that are found in small amounts in living organisms; these include sodium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, and potassium. |
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| An element required in minute quantities by an organism to maintain proper physical functioning. |
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| A lipid molecule formed by a condensation reaction between glycerol and three fatty acid molecules. |
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| A transport process that requires energy. |
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| The third step of mitosis. |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| polymerase chain reaction |
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