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Biology Exam 2
Chapters 5-8
203
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/26/2011

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Term
Adenine
Definition
Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine
Term
Allele
Definition
Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Stage of mitosis during which microtubules contract and separate sister chromatides
Term
Anchorage Dependence
Definition
Phenomenon that holds normal cells in place. Cancer cells can lose anchorage dependence, and migrate into other tissues or metastasize
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
Formation of new blood vessels
Term
Antiparallel
Definition
Feature of DNA double helix in which nucleotides face "up"on the side of the helix, and "down" on the other
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
A type of reproduction in which a parent gives rise to genetically identical offspring
Term
Autosome
Definition
Non-sex chromosomes oh which there are 22 pairs in humans
Term
Benign
Definition
Tumor that stays in one place, and does not affect surrounding tissue
Term
Biopsy
Definition
Surgical removal of some cells, tissue, or fluid to determine if cells are cancerous
Term
Cancer
Definition
A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls
Term
Capillary
Definition
The smallest blood vessel of the cardiovascular system connecting arteries to veins and allowing material exchange across their thin walls.
Term
Carcinogen
Definition
Substance that causes cancer or increases the rate of development
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
An ordered sequence of events in the life cycle of a eukaryotic cell from its origin until its division to produce daughter cells
Term
Cell division
Definition
Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from original parent cell
Term
Cell division
Definition
Process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself. Production of daughter cells from original parent cell
Term
Cell Plate
Definition
A double layer of new cell that appears in the middle of a dividing plant cell, and divides the cytoplasm of the dividing cell
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
though, but elastic structure surrounding plant and bacterial cell membranes
Term
Cellulose
Definition
A structural polysaccharide found in cell walls and composed of glucose molecules
Term
Centriole
Definition
A structure in animal cells that help anchor for microtubules during cell division
Term
Centromere
Definition
Region of a chromosome where sister chromotids are attached and to which microtubules bind
Term
Checkpoint
Definition
Stoppage during cell division that occurs to verify that division is proceeding correctly
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
Using chemicals to try to kill rapidly dividing cancerous cells
Term
Chromosome
Definition
Subcellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
The vessels that transport blood, nutrients, and waste around the body
Term
Cleavage
Definition
In embryology the period of rapid cell division that occurs during animal development
Term
Clinical Trial
Definition
Controlled scientific experiment to determine the effectiveness of novel treatments
Term
Complementary Base Pair
Definition
Nitrogenous bases that hydrogen bond to each other. In DNA, adenine is complementary to thymine, cytosine is complementary to thymine, cytosine is complementary to guanine. In RNA, adenine is complementary to uracil and guanine to cytosine
Term
Contact Inhibition
Definition
Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property.
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
Gene for gene exchange of genetic information between members of homologous pair of chromosomes
Term
Cyst
Definition
Noncancerous fluid filled growth
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Part of the cell cycle during which two daughter cells are formed by cytoplasm splitting
Term
Cytosine
Definition
Nitrogenous base, a pyrimidine
Term
Daughter Cells
Definition
The offspring cells that are produced by the process of cell division
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Definition
Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all of the proteins required by the cell
Term
Deoxyribose
Definition
The five carbon sugar in DNA
Term
Diploid Cell
Definition
A cell containing homologous pairs of chromosomes
Term
DNA Polymerase
Definition
Enezyme that facilitates base pairing during DNA synthesis
Term
DNA Replication
Definition
The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. Takes place during the phase of interphase.
Term
Egg Cell
Definition
Gamete produced by a female organism
Term
Fertilization
Definition
The fusion of haploid gametes (in humans, egg and sperm) to produce a diploid zygote
Term
Gamete
Definition
Specialized sex cell (sperm and egg in humans) that contain half as many chromosomes as other body cells and are therefore haploid
Term
Gene
Definition
Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide - a protein or part of a protein
Term
Gonads
Definition
The male and female sex organs, testicles in the human males or ovaries in the human females
Term
Growth Factor
Definition
Protein that stimulates cell division
Term
Guanine
Definition
Nitrogenous base in DNA, a purine
Term
Haploid
Definition
Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm
Term
Homologous Pair
Definition
Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chomosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but may carry different alleles
Term
Immortal
Definition
Property of cancer cells that allows them to divide more times that normal cells
Term
Interphase
Definition
Part of the cell cycle when a cell is preparing for division and the DNA is duplicated. Consists of G1, S, and G2
Term
Laparoscope
Definition
A thin tubular instrumeent inserted through an abdominal incision and used to view organs in the pelvic cavity and abdominal incision and used to view organs in the pelvic cavity and abdomen
Term
Linked Gene
Definition
Genes located on the same chromosome
Term
Lymph Node
Definition
Organ located along lymph vessels that filter lymph and help defend against bacteria and viruses
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
A system of vessels and nodes that return fluid and protein to the blood
Term
Malignant
Definition
Describes a tumor that is cancerous, whether it is invasive or metastatic
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Process that diploid sex cells undergo in order to produce haploid daughter cells. Occurs during gametogenesis.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes align across the middle of the cell
Term
Metastasis
Definition
When cells from a tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations
Term
Microtubule
Definition
Protein structure that moves chromosomes around during mitosis and meosis
Term
Mitosis
Definition
The division of the nucleus that produces daughter cells that are genetically idnetical to the parent cell. Also, portion of the cell cycle in which DNA is apportioned into two daughter cells.
Term
Multiple Hit Model
Definition
The notion that many different genetic mutations are required for a cancer to develop
Term
Mutagen
Definition
Substance that increases the likelihood of mutation occurring, increases the likelihood of cancer
Term
Nitrogenous Base
Definition
Nitrogen - containing base founding DNA: A, C G, and Tm and in RNA: U
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
The double membrane enclosing the nucleus in Eukaryotes
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
Polymers of nucleotides that comprise DNA and RNA
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
Building blocks of nucleic acids that include a sugar,a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Cell structure that houses DNA and is found in Eukaryotes
Term
Oncogene
Definition
Mutant version of a cell cycle controlling proto-oncogene
Term
Oviduct
Definition
Egg-carrying duct that brings egg cells from ovaries to uterus.
Term
Ovulation
Definition
Release of an egg cell from the ovary.
Term
Poles
Definition
Opposite ends of a sphere, such as of a cell or of a planet
Term
Prophase
Definition
Stage of mitosis during which duplicated chromosomes condense
Term
Proto-oncogenes
Definition
Genes that encode proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Mutated proto-oncogenes (oncogenes) can lead to cancer
Term
Radiation Therapy
Definition
Focusing beams of reactive particles at a tumor to kill the dividing cells
Term
Radioimmunotherapy
Definition
Experimental cancer treatment with the goal of delivering radioactive substances directly to tumors without affecting other tissues
Term
Random Allignment
Definition
When members of a homologous pair line up randomly with respect to maternal or paternal origin during metaphase 1 of meiosis, this increasing the genetic diversity of offspring
Term
Receptor
Definition
Protein on a surface of a cell that recognize and binds to a specific chemical signal
Term
Red Blood Cell
Definition
Primary cellular component of blood, responsible for ferrying oxygen throughout the body
Term
Remission
Definition
The period during which the symptoms of a disease subside
Term
Ribose
Definition
The five carbon sugar found in RNA
Term
Risk Factor
Definition
Any exposure or behavior that increases the likelihood of disease
Term
Sex Chromosome
Definition
Any of the sex determining chromosomes (x and y in humans)
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Reproduction involving two parents that give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes
Term
Sister Chromatid
Definition
Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis
Term
Somatic Cell
Definition
Any of the body cells in an organism. Any cell that is not a gamete
Term
Sperm
Definition
Gametes produced by males
Term
Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
Definition
Series of alternating sugars and phosphates along the length of the DNA helix
Term
Telomerase
Definition
An enzyme helps prevent the degradation of the tips of chromosomes, active during development and sometimes reactivated in cancer cells
Term
Telophase
Definition
Stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope from around the newly produced daughter nucleus, and chromosomes decondense
Term
Thymind
Definition
Nitrogenous base in DNA, a pyrimidine
Term
Trisomy
Definition
A chromosomal condition in which three copies of a chromosome exist instead of the two copies of a chromosome normally present in a diploid organism
Term
Tumor
Definition
Mass of tissue that has no apparent function in the body
Term
Tumor Suppressor
Definition
Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. When mutated leads to increased likelihood of cancer
Term
Zygote
Definition
Single cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (egg and sperm)
Term
Artificial Selection
Definition
Selective breeding of domesticated animals and plants to increase the frequency of desirable traits
Term
Carrier
Definition
Individual who is heterozygous for a recessive allele
Term
Codominant
Definition
Two different alleles of a gene that are equally expressed in the heterozygote
Term
Continuous Variation
Definition
A range of slightly different values for a trait in a population
Term
Coorelation
Definition
Describes a relationship between two factors
Term
Cross
Definition
In genetics, the mating of two organisms
Term
Dizygotic Twins
Definition
Fraternal twins (non-identical) that develop when two different sperm fertilize two different egg cells
Term
Dominate
Definition
Applies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote
Term
Embryo
Definition
The developmental stage commencing after the first mitotic divisions of the zygote and ending when the body structures begin to appear, from about the second week after fertilization to about the ninth week
Term
Genetic Variation
Definition
Differences in alleles that exist among individuals in a population
Term
Geneotype
Definition
Genetic composition of an individual
Term
Heritability
Definition
The amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals
Term
Heterozygote
Definition
Individual carrying two different alleles of a particular gene
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Genotype containing two different alleles of a gene
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Having two copies of the same allele of a gene
Term
Independent assortment
Definition
The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis
Term
Life Cycle
Definition
Description of growth and reproduction of an individual
Term
Monozygotic Twins
Definition
Identical twins that developed from one zygote
Term
Natural Experiment
Definition
Situation where unique circumstances allow a hypothesis test without prior intervention by researchers
Term
Normal Distribution
Definition
Bell-shaped curve, as for the distribution of quantitative traits in a population
Term
Ovary
Definition
In animals, the paired abdominal structures that produce egg cells and secrete female hormones
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Physical and physiological traits of an individual
Term
Polygenic Trait
Definition
A trait influenced by many genes
Term
Punnett Square
Definition
Table that lists the different kinds of sperm or eggs parents can produce relative to the gene or genes in question and predicts the possible outcomes of a cross between these parents
Term
Qualitative Trait
Definition
Trait that produces phenotypes in distinct categories
Term
Quantitative Trait
Definition
Trait that has many possible values
Term
Random Fertilization
Definition
The unpredictability of exactly which gametes will fuse during the process of sexual reproduction
Term
Recessive
Definition
Applies to an allele with an effect that is not visible in a heterozygote
Term
Segregation
Definition
Separation of pairs of alleles during the production of gametes. Results in a 50% probability that a given gamete contains one allele rather than the other
Term
Uricil
Definition
Nitrogenous base in RNA, a pyrimidine
Term
Variance
Definition
Mathematical term for the amount of variation in a population
Term
ABO Blood System
Definition
A system for categorizing human blood based on presence or absence of carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells
Term
Agarose Gel
Definition
A jelly like slab used to separate molecule on the basis of molecular weight
Term
Denature
Definition
For DNA, the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the two strands of the double stranded DNA helix, resulting in single-stranded DNA
Term
Dihybrid Cross
Definition
A genetic cross involving the alleles of two different genes. For example: AaBb x AaBb
Term
DNA Fingerprinting
Definition
Powerful genetic identification technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
The separation of biological molecules on the basis of their size and charge by measuring their rate of movement through an electric field
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
Rare genetic disorder caused by a sex-linked recessive allele that prevents normal blood clotting
Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition
A type of inheritance where the hetrozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes
Term
Karyotype
Definition
The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size
Term
Monosomy
Definition
A chromosomal condition in which only one member of a homologous pair is present
Term
Multiple Allelism
Definition
A gene for which there are more than two alleles segregating in the population
Term
Nondisjumction
Definition
The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separate from each other during meiosis
Term
Pedigree
Definition
Family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations
Term
Phenotypic Ration
Definition
Proportion of individuals produced by a genetic cross that possess each of the carious phenotypes that cross can generate
Term
Pleiotrophy
Definition
The ability of one gene to affect many different functions
Term
Polymerase
Definition
An enzyme that catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation between nucleotides
Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Definition
A labortory techniques that allows the production of many identical DNA molecules
Term
Probe
Definition
Single-stranded nucleic acid that has been radioactively labled
Term
Restriction enzyme
Definition
An enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
Term
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)
Definition
Differences among members of a population in the number and size of DNA fragments generated by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes
Term
Rh Factor
Definition
Surface molecule found on some red blood cells
Term
Sex Determination
Definition
Determining the biological sex of an offspring. Humans have a chromosomal mechanism of sex determination in which two X chromosomes produce a female and an X and Y chromosome produce a male
Term
Sex-Linked Gene
Definition
Any of the genes found of the X or Y chromosomes
Term
Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR)
Definition
A DNA sequence that varies in number between individuals. Used during the process of DNA fingerprinting
Term
Vertebrate
Definition
Animal with a backbone
Term
X Inactivation
Definition
The inactivation of one of two chromosomes in the XX female
Term
X-Linked Gene
Definition
Any of the genes located on the X chromosome
Term
Y-Linked Gene
Definition
Any of the genes located on the Y chromosome
Term
Activator
Definition
A protein that serves to enhance the transcription of a gene
Term
Anticodon
Definition
Region of tRNA that binds to a mNRA codon
Term
Cloning
Definition
Producing copies of gene or an organism that are genetically identical
Term
Codon
Definition
A triplet of mRNA nucleotides. Transfer RNA molecules bind to codons during protein synthesis
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The entire contents of the cell (except the nucleus) surrounded by the plasma membrane
Term
Degenerative Disease
Definition
Disease characterized by progressive deterioration
Term
Eukaryote
Definition
Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles.
Term
Frameshift Mutation
Definition
A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence is not a multiple of three
Term
Galls
Definition
Tumor growths on a plant
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
Turning a gene on or off. A gene is expressed when the protein it encodes is synthesized
Term
Gene Gun
Definition
Device used to shoot DNA-coated pellets into plant cells
Term
Gene Therapy
Definition
Replacing defective genes (or their protein products) with functional ones
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids
Term
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Definition
Organisms whose genome incorporates genes from another organism; also called transgenic or genetically engineered organisms
Term
Genome
Definition
Entire suite of genes present in an organism
Term
Germ Line Gene Therapy
Definition
Gene therapy that changes genes in a zygote or early embryo, thus the entire embryo, thus the embryo will pass the engineered genes to their offspring
Term
Human Genome Project
Definition
Effort to determine the cucleotide base Sequences and chromosomal locations of all human genes
Term
In Vitro Fertilization
Definition
Fertilization that takes place when sperm and egg are combined in glass or test tube
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
Complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription. The mRNA Undergoes translation to synthesize a protein.
Term
Model Organism
Definition
Any nonhuman organism used in genetic studies to help scientists understand human genes because they share genes with humans
Term
Neutral mutation
Definition
A genetic mutation that confers no selective advantage or disadvantage
Term
Nuclear Transfer
Definition
Transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another cell that has had its nucleus removed
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
Small gland attached by a stalk to the base of the brain that secretes growth hormone, reproductive hormones, and other hormones
Term
Plasmid
Definition
Circular piece of bacterial DNA that normally exists separate from the bacterial chromosome and can make copies of itself
Term
Prokaryote
Definition
Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles
Term
Promoter
Definition
Sequence of nucleotides to which the polymerse binds to start transcription
Term
Protein
Definition
Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles
Term
Protein Synthesis
Definition
Joining amino acids together, in an order dictated by a gene, to produce a protein
Term
Reading Frame
Definition
The grouping of mRNAs into three base condons for translation.
Term
Recombinant
Definition
Produced by manipulating a DNA sequence
Term
Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH)
Definition
Growth hormone produced in a laboratory and into cows to increase their size and ability to produce milk
Term
Repressor
Definition
A protein that suppresses the expression of a gene
Term
Reproductive Cloning Transferring
Definition
The nucleus from a donor adult cell without a nucleus in order to clone the adult
Term
Restriction Enzyme
Definition
An enzyme that cleaves DNA at the specific nucleotide sequences
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA
Term
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Definition
Information carrying molecule composed of nucleotides
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription
Term
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID)
Definition
Illness caused by a genetic mutation that results in the absence of an enzyme, and a severely weakened immune system
Term
Somatic Cell Gene Therapy
Definition
Changes to malfunctioning genes in somatic or body cells. These changes will not be passed to offspring.
Term
Stem Cell
Definition
Cells that can divide indefinitely and can differentiate into other cell types
Term
Stop Codon
Definition
An mRNA codon that does not code for a amino acid and causes the amino acid chain to be released into the cytoplasm
Term
Therapeutic Cloning
Definition
Using early embryos as donors of stem cells for the replacement of damaged tissues and organs in another individual
Term
Ti plasmid
Definition
Tumor-inducing plasmid used to genetically modify crop plants
Term
Totipotent
Definition
Describes a cell able to specialize into any cell type of its species including embryonic membrane. Compare with multipotent, pluripotent
Term
Transcription
Definition
Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence
Term
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
Amino acid carrying RNA structure with an anti codon that binds to a mRNA codon
Term
Transgenic Organism
Definition
Organism whose genome incorporates genes from another organism also called genetically modified organism (GMO)
Term
Translation
Definition
Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein
Term
Undifferentiated
Definition
A cell that is not specialized
Term
Virus
Definition
Infections intracellular parasite composed of a strand of genetic material and a protein or fatty coating that can only reproduce by forcing its host to make copies of it
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