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Biology Concepts & Connections
N/A
113
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2010

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The Study of the form of an organism's Structures 
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of the function of structures
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition

 

tissue that covers the body & lines its organs and cavities

 

 

Term

Connective Tissue

Loose connective Tissue

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Adipose Tissue

Cartallage

Bone

Blood

 

Definition
tissue that binds and supports other tissues (6 Types)
Term

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Definition
tissue that functions in movement (3 Types)
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
tissue that forms a communication network
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
organ system that is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism, as well as sexual function and reproductive processes.
Term
Skeletal System
Definition

organ system with bones and cartilage.

Provides body with support and protection

Term
Circulatory System
Definition
organ system that pumps blood through the body
Term
Respitory System
Definition
Organ system that is responsible for exchange of gases.  Puts oxygen in blood and removes carbon dioxide 
Term
Muscular System
Definition
Organ system that contains all skeletal ________.  Helps with movement. 
Term

Integumentary System

 

Definition
organ system with hair, nails, and skin
Term
Lymphatic/Immune systems
Definition
systems that remove toxins from the blood/fights diseases 
Term
Urinary system 
Definition
organ system the secretes ______ and regulates the amount of water in the body
Term
Digestive System 
Definition
organ system involved in the ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waists
Term
Reproduction System
Definition
organ system that carries gametes and is responsible for procreation 
Term
Nervous System
Definition
organ system that forms a communication and coordination network between all parts of the body 
Term

Angiosperms (flowering plants) 

Monocots & Eudicots

Definition

most familiar and diverse group of plants

2 types

Term
Characteristics of Monocots
Definition
one cotyledon in seed, veins usually parallel in leaves, vascular bundles arranged in scattered arrangement in stem, floral parts usually in multiples of 3, and a fibrous root system 
Term
Characteristics of Eudicots
Definition
2 cotyledons in seed, veins usually branched in leaves, vascular bundles arranged in ring in stem, floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5, and a taproot is usually present
Term
Shoot System
Definition

system in plants houses stems, leaves, and reproductive system.

Stems provide support 

Leaves carry out photosynthesis

Term
Root System
Definition
system in plants that houses roots, anchors plant, and absorbs and stores water and nutrients
Term
Annuals
Definition
plants that complete their life cycle in one year
Term
Biennials
Definition
plants that complete their life cycle in 2 years
Term
Perennials
Definition
plants that live for many years
Term
Primary Growth
Definition

plant growth that occurs in tissues called meristems

plants grow up toward the sun and down through the soil

Term
Secondary Growth
Definition

plant growth that occurs at lateral meristems.

Causes plants to grow outward. (get wider) 

Term
Vascular Cambium
Definition
lateral meristem that lies between primary xylem and phloem
Term
Cork Cambium
Definition
lateral meristem that lies at the outer edge of the stem cortex
Term
Ecology
Definition
the study of the interactions of organisms with their environments
Term
Population
Definition
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area
Term
Community
Definition
assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
all the organisms in an area along with nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact
Term
Landscape
Definition
several different ecosystems linked be exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms
Term
Biosphere
Definition
the entire portion of earth inhabited by life: the sum of all the planets ecosystem
Term
Abiotic Factors
Definition
nonliving components including physical and chemical factors
Term
Solar Energy
Definition

amount of sunlight powers most ecosystems

Abiotic factor

Term
Temperature
Definition

important factor affecting metabolism

Abiotic factor

Term
Water
Definition

essential to all life; different challenges for terrestrial & aquatic organisms

Abiotic Factor

Term
Nutrients
Definition

affect photosynthetic organisms

Abiotic Factor

Term
Other Aquatic Factors
Definition

dissolved oxygen, salinity

Abiotic Factor

Term
Other Terrestrial Factors 
Definition

wind and fire

Abiotic Factor

Term
Tropical Forest
Definition

Biomes that occur in the arm, moist,belt along the equator

Most diverse ecosystems on earth

large scale human destruction endangers many species

Term
Savannas
Definition

grassland biomes with scattered trees

grazing animals and fire inhibit invasion by trees

warm year round temp

dramatic seasonal variation in rainfall

Term
Deserts
Definition

driest of all terrestrial biomes

low and unpredictable rainfall

desertification: significant environmental problem

Term
Chaparrals
Definition

biomes dominated by dense, spiny shrubs with tough, evergreen leaves

mild rainy winters and hot dry summers

small coastal areas

vegetation adapted to periodic fires

Term
Temperate Grasslands
Definition

biomes found in the interiors of continents, where winters are cold

drought, fires, and graving animals prevent trees from growing

farms have replaced most of these in north america

Term
Temperate Broadleaf Forests
Definition

bomes that occur where there is sufficient moisture to support growth of large deciduous trees

wide annual temperature variation

many have been altered agriculture and urban development 

Term
Coniferous Forests (Taiga)
Definition

Largest terrestrial biome on earth

long cold winters and short wet summers

dominated by cone-bearing evergreens (pine, spruce, fir,hemlock)

Term
Tundra
Definition

biome that lies between taiga and permanently frozen regions

treeless biome characterized by extreme cold, wind, and permafrost (continually frozen subsoil)

Term
Stimuli
Definition

environmental cues that cause response

Animal Behavior

Term
Proximate Cause
Definition

immediate mechanisms for a behavior

Animal Behavior 

Term
Ultimate Causes 
Definition

the evolutionary explanations for behavior

Animal Behavior

Term
Animal Behavior
Definition

Sum of animal's response to external and internal stimuli

result of both genetic and environmental factors

Term
Innate Behavior
Definition
behavior that is under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all individuals of a species
Term
Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs)
Definition

Unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus

stimulus is often simple clue in an animals environment

genetic programing underlying an FAP ensures that the activity is performed correctly without practice

Term
Imprinting
Definition
irreversible learning limited to a sensitive period in an animals life 
Term
Kinesis
Definition
random movement in response to stimulus; may be merely starting or stopping, changing speed, or turning more or less frequently
Term
Taxis
Definition
response directed toward or away from an stimulus
Term
Spatial Learning
Definition

learning that uses landmarks to learn the  _______ structure of the environment

landmarks mark locations of food, nest sites, etc

Term
Associative learning
Definition

ability to associate one environmental feature with another

form of learning

Term
Trial and Error Learning 
Definition
animals ability to learn to associate one of its own behaviors with a positive or negative effect
Term
Problem Solving
Definition

ability to apply past experiences to novel situations

highly developed in some mammals (dolphins & primates)

Term
Territorial Behavior
Definition

an area, usually fixed in location, that individuals defend and form which other members of the same species are usually excluded

for of social behavior that partitions resources 

Term
Agonistic Behavior
Definition

threats and combat that settles disputes between individuals

victor gains first or exclusive access to a resource

Term
Altruistic Behavior
Definition
behavior that reduces an individuals fitness while increasing the of others in the population
Term
Population
Definition
a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area
Term
Population Dynamics
Definition
interactions between biotic and abiotic factors (causes changes in population size)
Term
Population Density
Definition
number of individuals of a species of a per unit area or volume, number of oak trees per square mile in a forest, number of earthworms per cubic foot in forest soil 
Term
Clumped 
Definition
population dispersion pattern where individuals are grouped in patches 
Term
Uniform
Definition
population dispersion pattern where individuals are equally spaced in the environment
Term
Random
Definition
population dispersion pattern where individuals are spaced in an unpredictable way
Term

Exponential Growth Model

G=rN

Definition

rate of population increase under ideal conditions

what is the formula?

Term

Logistic Growth Model

G=rN (K-N)/K

Definition

considers limiting factors that restrict population growth

what is the formula?

Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
maximum population size a particular environment can support 
Term
Density Dependent Factors
Definition

number of offspring decline as density increases

  • competition for recourses
  • limited food supply
  • increased disease or predation
  • physiological changes

 

 

Term
Density Independent (Abiotic) Factors 
Definition

abiotic factor (weather) causes rapid die-off

  • severe weather
  • fire, flood, habitat disruption

Term
r-selection
Definition

small bodied and short lived

produce many offspring.  No parental care

reach sexual maturity quickly; rapid exponential growth

occupy resource-abundant but unpredictable environments 

 

Term
k-selection
Definition

large bodied and long lived

develop slowly and produce few well cared for offspring

allocate energy to increase survival (theirs and descendants)

occupy stable environments at or near carrying capacity

 

Term
Community
Definition
assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction
Term
Community Ecology
Definition
study of factors that influence species composition and distribution of communities and of factors that affect community stability
Term
Interspecific Interactions
Definition
relationships between species in the community
Term
Competition
Definition

Populations of 2 species compete for the same limited resources 

occurs when niches of 2 populations overlap

Lowers carrying capacity of competing populations

 

Term
Ecological Niche
Definition
sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic factors
Term
Mutualism
Definition
relationship in which both partners benefit
Term
Predation
Definition

relationship in which one species benefits

pray evolve protective strategies (camouflage, mechanical and chemical defense)

one animal eats another 

Term
Herbivory
Definition

consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal

non-fatal-plants must expend energy to replace loss

Term
Parasites and Pathogens
Definition

live on or in host to obtain nourishment (tapeworms, flukes, ticks,mosquitoes)

desease causing

Term
Trophic Structures
Definition
pattern of feeding relationships consisting of several different levels
Term
Food Chain
Definition
sequence of food up the trophic levels
Term
Producers (autotrophs)
Definition

support all other trophic levels

(plants)

Term

Consumers (heterotrophs)

 

Definition

all organisms in trophic levels above producers

(herbivores and carnivores)

secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers 

Term
Detritivores and Decomposers
Definition
derive energy from dead matter and waists
Term
Food Web
Definition

network of interconnecting food chains

more realistic view of community trophic structure

 

Term
Species Richness
Definition
number of different species in a community
Term
Relative Abundance
Definition
proportional representation of a species in a community
Term
Chemical Cycling
Definition
ecosystems are supported with a continual influx of energy (sun, earths interior)
Term
Biogeochemical Cycles 
Definition
Chemical cycles that include biotic (organisms) and abiotic (earth) elements
Term
Carbon Cycle
Definition
taken from atmosphere by photosynthesis to make organic molecules; returned to atmosphere by respiration
Term
Phosphorus Cycle
Definition
no atmospheric reservoir; availability depends on weathering of rocks
Term

Nitrogen Cycle

 

Definition
air and soil reservoirs; depends on bacteria for availability to plants via nitrogen fixation
Term
Biodiversity
Definition
variety of living things
Term
Biodiversity Crisis
Definition
rapid decrease in earths great diversity of organisms
Term
Conservation Biology
Definition
goal-oriented science that seeks to counter the biodiversity crisis (single species approach to preserving habitats and ecosystems)
Term
Genetic Diversity
Definition

Levels of Biodiversity

raw material for microevolution and adaptions

Term
Species Diversity
Definition

Levels of Biodiversity

variety of species in ecosystem of biosphere

Term
Ecosystem Diversity
Definition

Levels of Biodeversity

functioning energy flow and chemical cycling

Term

Endangered Species

 

Definition

one that is in danger of becoming extinct.

federal and state criteria differ

Term

Threatened Species

 

Definition
those likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Term
Habitat Loss and Alteration
Definition
threat to biodiversity due to agriculture, urban development, mining, and pollution
Term
Invasive/Introduced Species
Definition

threat to biodiversity due to arrival of new species.

compete with, prey on, or parasitize native species

Term
Overexploitation
Definition
threat to biodiversity due to poaching, illegal trade, and commercial fishing
Term
Biodiversity Hotspots
Definition
an area with a large number of threatened and endangered species or endemic species 
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