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| What are the categories of hormones? |
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Definition
- chemical identities: peptides, steroids, amino acid derivatives
- target tissue: direct hormones, tropic hormones
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Term
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Definition
- composed of amino acids and are derived form larger precursor proteins that cleaved during posttranslational modification
- are polar and cannot pass through the plasma membrane
- bind to extracellular receptors, where they trigger the transmission of a second messenger
- each step of the signaling cascade can demonstrate amplification of the signal
- rapid onset but short lived
- travel freely in the bloodstream and do not require a special carrier
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Term
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Definition
- derived from cholesterol
- minimally polar and can pass through the plasma membrane
- bind to and promote a conformational change of intracellular or intranuclear receptors; the hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, affecting the transcription of a particular gene
- slow onset but long lived
- cannot dissolve in the bloodstream and must be carried by specific proteins
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Term
| amino acid-derivative hormones |
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Definition
- modified amino acids
- their chemistry shares some features with peptide hormones and some features with steroid hormones; different amino acid-derivative hormones share different features with these other hormone classes
- common examples are epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine and thyroxine
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Term
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Definition
| are secreted and then act directly on a nonendocrine, target tissue |
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Definition
| have major effects in other endocrine tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems
- regulated by negative feedback
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin), oxytocin; both are released by posterior pituitary
- gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF); all tropic hormones that affect anterior pituitary
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Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from hypothalamus
- promotes release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary
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Term
| growth hormone-releasing hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from hypothalamus
- promotes the release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary
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Term
| thyroid-releasing hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from hypothalamus
- promotes the release of thyroid-sitmulating hormone from anterior pituitary
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Term
| corticotropin-releasing hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from hypothalamus
- promotes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary
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Term
| prolactin-inhibiting factor |
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Definition
- aka dopamine
- tropic hormone
- from hypothalamus
- inhibits the release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
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Term
| How does the hypothalamus interact with the anterior and posterior pituitaries? |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus interacts with the anterior via a portal system where it releases tropic hormones into it that directly affect the anterior pituitary. It is linked to the posterior pituitary by axons of nerves in the hypothalamus. The hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary travel down these axons and into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
- from hypothalamus
- released by posterior pituitary,
- peptide hormone
- stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting duct
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Term
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Definition
- from hypothalamus
- released by posterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation; may promote bonding behavior
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Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- release caused by gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
- stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males
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Term
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- release caused by gonadotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
- stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- release caused by corticotropin-releasing factor form hypothalamus
- stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
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Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone |
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Definition
- tropic hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- released caused by thyroid-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
- stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
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Term
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Definition
- direct hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- release inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine) from hypothalamus
- sitmulates milk production and secretion
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Term
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Definition
- direct hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- decrease sensation of pain; can promote euphoria
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Term
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Definition
- direct hormone
- from anterior pituitary
- peptide hormone
- release caused by growth hormone-releasing hormone from hypothalamus
- sitmulates bone and muscle growth; raises blood glucose levels
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Term
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Definition
| excess of growth hormone in childhood before epiphyseal plates close |
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Definition
| a deficit of growth hormone in childhood |
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Definition
| an excess of growth hormone in adulthood after the epiphyseal plates have closed |
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Term
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Definition
- connected to hypothalamus by portal system
- produces four tropic hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone
- produces three direct hormones: endorphins, prolactin, growth hormone
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Term
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Definition
- connected to hypothalamus by axons of nerves in hypothalamus
- stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin which are produced in hypothalamus
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Term
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Definition
- controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
- located on front surface of trachea
- follicular cells produce triiodothyronine and thyroxine
- parafollicular or C cells produce calcitonin
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Term
| triiodothyronine and thyroxine |
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Definition
- from follicular cells in thyroid
- amino acid-derivative hormones
- increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids; stimulate metabolic activity
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of thyroid hormones that results in mental retardation and developmental delay |
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Definition
| an excess of thyroid hormone |
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Definition
- from parafollicular cells (C-cells) in thyroid
- peptide hormone
- decreases blood calcium concentrations: excretes it from kidneys, decreased absorption in gut, increased storage in bone
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Term
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Definition
- four small pea sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of thyroid
- produce parathyroid hormone
- activates vitamin D - required for absorption of calcium and phosphate in gut
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Term
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Definition
- from parathyroid gland
- peptide hormone
- increases blood calcium concentrations by decreasing kidney excretion, increasing gut absorption, increase bone resorption
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Term
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Definition
made up of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
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Definition
- secretes corticosteroids divided into three classes: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, cortical sex hormones
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Term
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Definition
- cortisol and cortisone
- from adrenal cortex
- steroid hormones
- release caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary
- increase blood glucose concentrations; decrease protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory
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Term
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Definition
- generally used in salt and water homeostasis
- aldosterone
- from adrenal cortex
- steroid hormone
- under control of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- increase water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption; promote potassium and hydrogen ion excretion
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Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Definition
- controls the production and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
- ↓BP causes juxtaglomerular cells of kidney to secrete renin
- renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs
- angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
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Term
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Definition
- produced in adrenal cortex
- androgens and estrogens
- have little effect in males due to large amounts of androgens produced in testes but significant in females
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Term
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Definition
- derivative of the nervous system
- produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
- fight or flight response
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Term
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
- from adrenal medulla
- amino acid-derivative hormones
- increase blood glucose concentrations and heart rate; dilate bronchi; alter blood flow patterns
- fight or flight response
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Term
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Definition
- has exocrine and endocrine functions
- contains islets of Langerhans which have α (alpha), β (beta), and δ (delta) cells which secrete glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, respectively
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Term
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Definition
- from pancreatic alpha-cells
- peptide hormone
- secreted during times of fasting; low blood glucose levels
- stimulates fat and protein degradation; stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis); increases blood glucose concentrations
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Term
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Definition
- from pancreatic beta-cells
- peptide hormone
- secreted when blood glucose levels are high
- lowers bloods glucose by inducing storage in liver and muscles; increases anabolic processes such as fat and protein synthesis
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Term
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Definition
- from pancreatic (δ) delta-cells
- peptide hormone
- secretion stimulated by high blood glucose and amino acid concentrations
- supresses secretion of glucagon and insulin
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Term
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Definition
- from pineal gland
- peptide hormone
- involved with circadian rhythms
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Term
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Definition
- from kidney
- peptide hormone
- secreted in response to low oxygen levels in blood
- stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide |
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Definition
- from atria in heart
- peptide hormone
- secreted when atrial cells are stretched form excess blood volume
- promotes salt and water excretion to lower BP and blood volume
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Term
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Definition
- from thymus
- peptide hormone
- sitmulates T-cell development
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