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Biology Campbell Reece 8th Chap 4 & 5 illustrated pictures
Monomers & Polymers
85
Biology
9th Grade
09/02/2013

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Cards

Term
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction.
Definition
Macromolecule
Term
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Definition
Polymer
Term
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer
Definition
Monomer
Term
A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction.
Definition
Condensation Reaction
Term
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
Definition
Dehydration Reaction
Term
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Definition
Enzyme
Term
A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers
Definition
Hydrolysis
Term
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides.  Also known as simple sugars.
Definition
Monosaccharide
Term
Monosaccharides have molecular fomulas that are generally some multiple of what chemical equation
Definition
CH2O
Term
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Definition

Glyceraldehyde

 

An initial breadown produce of glucose.

 

Component of Fatty Acid

Term
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Definition

Ribose

 

A component of RNA

Term
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Definition

Glucose

 

An energy source for organisms

Term

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Which one is a Ketoses Sugar

Definition

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The double bonded Carbon is in the inside of the carbon backbone so it is a Ketoses Sugar

Term

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Which is an Aldoses Sugar?

Definition

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The double bonded carbon is at the end of the carbon chain so it is an Aldoses Sugar.

Term
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Definition
Glycosidic Linkage
Term
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Definition

[image]

Glucose Ring

Six Carbon Sugar

Term
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Definition

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Fructose Ring

Six Carbon Sugar that 

forms a Five-Sided Ring

Term
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Definition

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Glucose linked to a Fructose to form

Sucrose

Term
A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
Definition
Polysaccharide
Term

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What is the common name of these macromolecules?

Definition

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Starches -- Plant Energy Storage

 

Term
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Definition

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Glycogen - Animal Energy Storage

Extensive Branching

Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition

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Saturated Triacylglycerol 

a.k.a triglyceride

Term
[image]
Definition

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Unsaturated triacylglycerol

 

1 or more Doubled bonded Carbons

Term
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Definition

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Phospholipid

Term

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What is special about the part of this molecule that is highlighted with Gray?

Definition

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The phosphate Group at the head makes it hydrophillic

Term

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What is the area in green called?

Definition

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The area in green is called the substrate.

It is the substance that is going to change

Term

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What is the name of the item colored purple

Definition

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The purple area is the enzyme that is going to cause the green part to react more quickly.

Term

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What is this molecule called

Definition

[image]

 

Amino Acid

Term
How many Amino Acids are there in Humans
Definition
There are 20 Amino acids used in humans
Term
[image]
Definition

[image]

 

Polypeptide Chain

Term
Polymers are broken down into monomers via what process?
Definition
Hydrolysis:  A process that breaks the bonds by the addition of water molecules.
Term
Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of what formula?
Definition

CH20

 

A six carbon monosaccharide would be 

 

C6H12O6

Term
What chemical groups do Monosaccharides all have in common?
Definition

Monosaccharides have a single carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups.

 

The location of the carbonyl group determines whether the molecule is a Ketoses or Aldoses.

 

[image]

Term
What does Trioses mean and name a trioses monosaccharide.
Definition

Three carbons

Glyceraldehyde or Dihydroxyacetone

Term
What does Pentoses mean and name a pentoses monosaccharide
Definition

Five Carbons

Ribose or Ribulose

Term
What does Hexoses mean and name a hexoses monosaccharide
Definition

Six Carbons

Glucose, Galactose, or Fructose

Term
What are the three items that distinguish one monosaccharide from another?
Definition

Location of the Carbonyl Group: Aldose or Ketose

Size of the Carbon Chain:  Triose, Pentose, or Hexose

Spatial Arrangement: spatial arrangement of elements attached to an asymmetric carbon ( a carbon attached to 4 different atoms)

 

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Term
What is the name of the covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides when they form a disaccharide?
Definition
Glycosidic Linkage:  A carbon from each of the monosaccharides is connected by an Oxygen molecule.

[image]
Term
What is the purpose of polysaccharides?
Definition
Energy storage and structure
Term
what is Amylose?
Definition

The simplest form of starch (polysaccharides) is found in plants and is unbranched.

 

 

Term
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Definition

Amylose

 

The simplest form of starch (polysaccharides) is found in plants and is unbranched.

[image] 

Term
What is Amylopectin?
Definition

Amylopectin

A complex starch (polysaccharide) found in plants that contains some branches.

INSERT72 

 

Term
[image]
Definition

Amylopectin

 

A complex starch (polysaccharide) found in plants that contains some branches.

 

[image]

Term
What is Glycogen?
Definition

Glycogen

 

A polymer of glucose that has extensive branching and is found in the liver and muscle cells of animals.

 

 

Term
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Definition

Glycogen

 

A polymer of glucose that has extensive branching and is found in the liver and muscle cells of animals.

 

[image]

Term
Cellulose
Definition

Cellulose

 

A.K.A. Glucose Beta

 

Polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.

 

[image]

Term

structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

 

Anthropods: insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc

Definition

Chitin

 

Chitin is also used by fungi instead of cellulose as the building material for their cell walls.  

Term
A group of large biological molecules whose common feature is that they mix poorly with water.
Definition
Lipids
Term
Three major types of lipids
Definition

Lipids

 

Fats

 

Phospholipids

 

Steroids

 

Waxes

Term
two components of Fats
Definition

Fats are made from Glycerol & Fatty Acids 

 

[image]

Term

If one or more of the carbons in a fatty acid chain are double bonded then the fat is called a _______.

 

What are its characteristics

Definition

Unsaturated Fat

 

At room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in some of their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains

 [image]

Term
Type of fat that is solid at room temperature
Definition

Saturated Fat

 

At room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat stack together closely forming a solid.

Term
Name of the bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.
Definition

Ester Linkage

 

When the fatty acid carboxyl group bonds to the Glycerol hydroxyl group via dehydration a water molecule is released and an Ester Bond forms.

 

[image]

Term

[image]

What is this?

Definition

Phospholipid

[image]

Term
What are the four parts of a phospholipid
Definition

A phospholipid has a hydrophylic (polar) head and two hydrophobic (non-polar) tails.

The four parts are the Fatty Acid, the Glycerol, a phosphate molecule, & a head attachment that determines the function of the phospholipid

 

[image]

Term

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

 

 [image]

Definition

Steroid

 

[image]

Term
Name type and function of three types of proteins
Definition

Types of Proteins

READ WHOLE LIST

 

[image]

Term

What are the four steps of the Catalytic cycle of an Enzyme?

 

[image]

Definition

Four steps of the Catalytic cycle of an Enzyme

 

[image]

Term
What are polypeptides?  What are they made of?
Definition

Polymers of Amino Acids.

 

Polymers are like sentences and Amino Acids are like words.  There are only 20 common Amino Acid words used to make up all the proteins in the body.

Term

What is this and what are the four parts?

 

[image]

 

 

Definition

Amino Acid Monomers

The Variable Group - Side Chain or R Group - determines the physical and chemical properties of the Amino Acid

 

[image]

Term
What are the four groupings of Amino Acids and what are their characteristics.
Definition

Amino Acids are divided into three groups.

Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) - No charge

Polar (Hydrophylic) - 

Acidic - Side Chans are negative due to Carboxyl Groups

Basic - Side Chains are positive due to Amino Groups

 

[image]

Term
What is the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another called?
Definition

Peptide Bond

 

When two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction resulting in a peptide bond.

 

[image]

Term
What are the two ends of a polypeptide chain called and why are they called that?
Definition

When two amino acids bind together via a peptide bond the other end of the monomer is open.  On one end you will have an open Amino Group ( N-terminus) and on the other you will have a Carboxyl end ( C-terminus).

 

[image]

 

Term
What are the four levels of Protein Structure Formation?
Definition

Protein Structure Formation

 

Primary: Chain of amino acids

 

Secondary: Coils (alpha helix) and Folds (Beta Pleated sheet) of the amino acid chain due to the hydrogen bonds in the polypeptide backbone

 

Tertiary: Shape of a protein due to interactions between side chains (R Groups)

 

Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains aggregate into one functional macromolecule

Term

The Tertiary shape of a protein is due to interactions between side chains (R Groups).  What is one of the primary drivers in shaping the protein and what kinds of bonds hold it in place?


[image]

Definition

Hydrophobic interactions where water molecules push the hydrophobic (non-polar) sidegroups towards the center of the protein as the water binds with the polar side groups and with itself.

 

Once there weak bonds hold it in place:

 

Van der Waals Interactions between non-polar side chains

 

Hydrogen Bonds between polar side chains

 

Ionic Bonds between acidic and basic side chains

 

[image]

 

Term
What does protein denaturation mean and what are three ways it can happen?
Definition

Denaturation is a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.  It occurs under conditions of :

 

Organic solvents - Cause the hydrophobic regions to face outwards towards the solvent.

 

Chemicals that disrupt the side chain bonds - 

 

Temperature - Agitates the proteins so that the weak bonds are broken

Term
Humans have 23 pairs of __________
Definition

Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes.  

 

This is a total of 46 single Chromosomes

Term
Each chromosome contains a single long strand of ____ which is broken up into blocks of information called ______
Definition
Each chromosome contains a single long strand of DNA which is broken up into blocks of information called Genes
Term

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What is happening in each of the steps above 1, 2, & 3

Definition
[image]
Term

[image]

What is the name of the end at point B?  

Point D is the complementary strand of the DNA helix.  What is it called?

Definition

 

[image]

Point B is the 3' Terminus because the final phosphate will be on the 3rd Carbon.

Double Helix DNA is two strands of DNA arranged tail to nose (anti-parallel) such that Point D is the 5' Terminus and the nucleotides are arranged in exactly the opposite direction of the other strand.

Term

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What is Point F

Definition

[image]

Point F is a Phosphodiester bond which links two nucleotides together via a phosphate group.

Term

[image]

What is point G

 

Definition

[image]

Point G are the hydrogen bonds that hold the nitrogenous base pair from one strand to its complementary nitrogenous base on the #2 strand.

 

The A / T nitrogenous base pairs are held together with two hydrogen bonds

 

The G / C nitrogenous base pairs are held together with three hydrogen bonds and are held together more strongly.

Term

[image]

What is point G

Definition

[image]

Point G is a hydrogen bond between the Nitrogenous bases of one polynucleotide strand to the other.

Term

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What is at Point H

Definition

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Point H is a Phosphate Group which is part of the DNA backbone

Term

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What is at Point J

Definition

[image]

Point J is a deoxyribose sugar

Term

[image]

What is at point K

Definition

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Point K is a Nitrogenous Base

 

It will be one of four varieties and this is where the intelligence of the DNA chain resides

 

A - Adenine  

C - Cytosine 

G - Guanine  

T - Thymine  

 

U - Uracil is also a Nitrogenous Base but it is not found in DNA

Term

[image]

What is this monomer

Definition

[image][image]

Ribose       &     Deoxyribose

 

5 Carbon Sugar Ribose

 

Ribose differs from Deoxyribose because it has a hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon

Deoxyribose is missing the oxygen "De" without "oxy"  

 

Term

[image]

What is this monomer?

Definition

[image][image]

Ribose       &     Deoxyribose

 

5 Carbon Sugar Deoxyribose

 

Ribose differs from Deoxyribose because it has a hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon

Deoxyribose is missing the oxygen "De" without "oxy"  

 

Term

below is one polynucleotide strand.

What would be the pattern of the other strand if they were linked together as a DNA Double Helix

 

5'-TAAGCCT-3'

Definition

 

5'-TAAGCCT-3'   Side # 1

 

3'-ATTCGGA-5'   Side # 2

Term
In RNA what Nitrogenous base is added and which base is not used?
Definition
Uracil (U) takes the place of Thymine (T)
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