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| An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens |
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| the ratio of an object's image size to it's real size |
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| Measure of the clarity of the image |
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| One of the several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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| focuses an electron beam through a specimen; Transmission (EM) - used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells; Scanning (EM) used to study the fine details of cell surfaces |
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| The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation(using rotational forces to separate solids from liquids) |
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| semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
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| lacks a membrane-enclosedd nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; Organisms with these cells (bacteria and archae) a re called prokaryotes |
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| Region were DNA is concentrated |
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| Membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes |
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| The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane |
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| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition |
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| Contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell (some gens are located in mitochondria and chloroplasts) |
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| Encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm |
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| A net-like array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope |
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| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus; Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome; When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exits as a mass very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
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| a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes |
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| A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits |
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| The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
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| A sac made of membrane inside of cells |
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| An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
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| a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate |
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| A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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| A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
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| A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis |
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| pump excess water out of cell |
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| A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development |
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| A membrane that enclosed the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytsol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration |
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| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
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| A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide |
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| An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
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| the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
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| One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes: Amyloplasts- store starch, Chromoplasts - pigments that give fruits and plants color, Chloroplasts - helps photosynthetic production of sugar |
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| a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy |
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| A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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| The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water |
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| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions |
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| Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubules organizing center |
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| A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell divison |
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| a short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane |
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| A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function |
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| A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole |
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| A large contractile protein forming te side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella |
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| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in the cell |
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| A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
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| A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
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| A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells |
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| A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein |
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| A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell |
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| A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells |
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| A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support |
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| An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell |
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| The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides |
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| A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom |
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| A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix |
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| A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskelton |
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| synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons |
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