Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 9 FINAL
Biology I,
139
Biology
9th Grade
05/15/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Who discovered DNA and when?
Definition
James Watson and Francis Crick,1953
Term
What shape was DNA discovered in?
Definition
Double Helix
Term
Who's Rosalind Franklin?
Definition
Was first to figure out DNA shape
Term
DNA stands for
Definition
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
Term
What's a monomer?
Definition
1 nucleotide
Term
What's a polymer?
Definition
NucleotideS
Term
Name the three componets of a nucleotide?
Definition
1.)5 carb sugar 2.)phosphate group 3.) Nitrogenous base
Term
The "rungs" or "backbone" of DNA?
Definition
alternating deoxyribose
Term
THe steps or middle of the helix (DNA)?
Definition
nitrogenous Base
Term
The type of bonds that hold DNA together are?
Definition
Hydrogen Bonds
Term
What are the Purine and Pyrimidines in DNA?
Definition
Pur:Adenine(A) and Guanine (G) *these are larger Pyr:Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) +smaller
Term
In DNA what nucleotides pair together?
Definition
A pairs with T and C pairs with G
Term
DNA's level of orginization?
Definition
smallest:Nucleotide,DNA,genes,
Chromosomes,Nucleus,
Cells,Largest:Organisms
Term
DNA makes?
Definition
protein
Term
Function of a DNA cell is?
Definition
Provides instruction for an organism
Term
Function of Base Pairs?
Definition
Decides what protein will be made
Term
Function of Proteins?
Definition
Carry the message and do the work
Term
DNA makes protein through a 3 step process; which are?
Definition
DNA replication,Transcription,translation
Term
DNA replication?
Definition
process of copying CNA in cells
Term
Replication takes place in the?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Decribe what happens in the steps of Replication?
Definition
1.)Helicase "unzips" or seperates 2.)DNA polymerase begins to assemble the new DNA
Term
What happens if something goes wrong in replication?
Definition
DNA polymerase trys to proofread DNA
Term
RNA?
Definition
Ribonucleic Acid
Term
What are the RNA bases?
Definition
Uracil,Adenine,Guanine,Cytosine
Term
3 differences between RNA and DNA?
Definition
RNA:sugar=ribose,single stranded,Uracil replaces thymine DNA:sugar=deoxtribose,double stranded,bases are ATCG
Term
What does RNA do?
Definition
1.)carries message to other parts o' cell 2.)controlsa the assem. o' amino acids into proteins 3.) Carries message outside nucleus
Term
3 types of RNA?
Definition
mRNA:carries copies o' instructions from assem.proteins rRNA:make up ribosome translate to RNA tRNA:carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches em to mRNA message
Term
Transcription takes place in the?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Transcription is?
Definition
the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA
Term
The what in RNA polymerase carries the message?
Definition
mRNA
Term
Each 3 letter word in mRNA is called a
Definition
Codon
Term
A codon is?
Definition
group of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifyt a particular amino acid
Term
Start codon?
Definition
Methionine (AUG)
Term
Stop codons?
Definition
UAA,UAG,UGA
Term
What is translation?
Definition
interpretation of the genetic message,change from mRNA to protein
Term
Where does translation take place?
Definition
Cytoplasm (Ribosome)
Term
Des. the translation steps?
Definition
1.mRNA moves through the ribosome 2.codons from mRNA are translated into amino acids 1 by 1 3. (formation of polypeptides) ribosomes adds each amino acid brought to it by tRNA to the growing end of a polypeptide chain
Term
chromosome?
Definition
rod shaped,tightly packed DNA
Term
histones?
Definition
proteins DNA is wrapped around
Term
Chromatin?
Definition
shape of DNA in between cell division (looks like a knot)
Term
Chromosome?
Definition
rod shaped,tightly packed DNA
Term
chromatid?
Definition
1/2 of a chromosome
Term
autosome?
Definition
all other chromosomes besides XX and XY
Term
What's a diploid?
Definition
cells with 2 "2N" sets of chromosomes
Term
What's a haploid?
Definition
cells with 1 set of chromosomes "1N"
Term
Diploid and Hapolid # in humans?
Definition
D:46 H:23
Term
Cell division in prokaryotes? "unicellular"
Definition
tihs is called binary fission-when cells divide into 2
Term
Steps of cell division?
Definition
1.interphase 2.prophase 3.metaphase 4.anaphase 5.telophase "IPMAT"
Term
Interphase(1st stage of cell division) describe?
Definition
Preps cell for division,G1(cell grows,develops),S(DNA duplicates),G2 (Cell grows),DNA is in coils (chromatin)
Term
Prophase (2nd stage of Cell Division) describe?
Definition
replicated DNA condenses into chromosomes
Term
Mitosis?
Definition
results in 2 cells that are genetically identical to the original
Term
Metaphase(3rd step in cell division) describe?
Definition
Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell,attach to spindle fibers o' centromere
Term
Anaphase(4th step in cell division) describe?
Definition
spindle fibers are pulled apart
Term
Telophase(5th or last step in cell division) describe?
Definition
2 new nuclei form,chromosomes form as chromatin
Term
Cytokinesis?
Definition
division of the cytoplasm
Term
What is Meiosis?
Definition
the production of gametes (reproductive cells)
Term
Meiosios?
Definition
results in 4 cells that are NOT genetically identical to the original
Term
Spermatogenesis?
Definition
meiosis in the testes of males-produces sperm
Term
Oogenesis?
Definition
meiosis in the ovaries of females-produces eggs
Term
Stages of meiosis?
Definition
1.Meiosis I a.prophase 1 b.metaphase I c.anaphase I d.telophase I and cytokinesis I 2.Meiosis II b.metaphase II c.anaphase II d.telophase II and cytokinesis II
Term
Prophase I?
Definition
creates 4 unique chromatids
Term
metaphase I?
Definition
chromatids line up
Term
anaphase I?
Definition
chromatids divide
Term
Meiosis II produces_new cells?
Definition
4 new cells
Term
Difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Definition
After mitosis, each of the daughter cells will have exact same DNA strands, while after meiosis each daughter cell will only have half of the DNA strands
Term
What's cancer?
Definition
disease of mitosis or cellular division(cell ignore or don't havbe check points)
Term
Factors-env vs.genetic?
Definition
E:pollution,sun,smoking G:runs in fam
Term
Treatments for cancer?
Definition
1.Chemo (med-pills or injection)
2.radiation (zap cells)
3.surgery (removal)
Term
Stem cells?
Definition
Cells without a code for a specific job yet
Term
What's genetics?
Definition
Study of heredity and how traits are passed on from parent to offspring
Term
Who's the "father or genetics"?
Definition
Mendel
Term
Medel studied _ over a period of _ years he studied _ traits?
Definition
He studied garden pease,7 traits over 9 years.
Term
7 traits Mendel studied?
Definition
1.height 2.seed shape 3.flower color 4.pod chape 5.pod color 6.flower position 7.seed coat color
Term
Principle of dominance?
Definition
One factor (allele) may mask the other factor (allele) for a specific characteristic
Term
Law of Segregation?
Definition
a pair of factors (alleles) is separated during the formation of gametes
Term
Law of independent assortment?
Definition
Factors (alleles) for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently
Term
Gene?
Definition
segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls a particular hereditary traits
Term
Allele?
Definition
each of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene
Term
Genotype?
Definition
pair of alleles for a trait (one from each parent)
Term
Phenotype?
Definition
an organism's appearance
Term
Homozygous?
Definition
Both alleles are the same
Term
Heterozygous?
Definition
Both alleles are different
Term
Dihybrid Cross?
Definition
involves two pairs of traits
Term
Incomplete Dominance?
Definition
traits blend in offspring
Term
Codominance?
Definition
both traits are exhibited in the offspring
Term
How are Genotypes and Phenotypes portrayed after a punnett square?
Definition
G:BB:Bb
P:100% black 0% blue
Term
Monohybrid Crosses?
Definition
Involves one pair of traits
Term
What's the scientific name for a fruit fly?
Definition
Drosophila Melanogaster
Term
Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster?
Definition
1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal
Term
Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster?
Definition
1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal
Term
Why do scientists use Drosophila Melanogaster?
Definition
1.few weeks between generations 2. small and easy to maintain 3.8 chromosomes 4.no one cares about disposal
Term
Who's Thomas Hunt Morgan?
Definition
Discovered Sex chromosomes
Term
SRY gene-what does it stand for?
Definition
Sex Determining Region Y
Term
Germ cell mutation?
Definition
1.Occur in gamete 2.Don't affect an organism itself 3.can be passed on
Term
Somatic Cell mutation?
Definition
1.Occur in original body cells 2.Cannot be passed on
Term
Mutagen?
Definition
Any substance that disrupts normal DNA fomation
Term
Mutant?
Definition
Organism with a mutation
Term
Nondisjunction?
Definition
failure of homologous chromosome pairs to separate during meiosis
Term
Polyploidy?
Definition
nondisjunction of entire sets of chromosomes
Term
Amniocentesis?
Definition
Remove some fluid from sac-can analyze cells floating in the fluid
Term
Chronic Villi Sampling?
Definition
Cells that grow between Uterus and placenta can analyze cells as well
Term
Polygenic Inheritance?
Definition
Characteristics are influenced by several genes
Term
Complex Characters?
Definition
tratis that are infl. by genes and enviorment
Term
Multiple Alleles?
Definition
genes with 3 or more alleles
Term
Predigrees?
Definition
tool used by genticists to predict the probability
Term
Inversion?
Definition
Gene order is reversed
Term
Duplication?
Definition
DNA segment is repeated
Term
Translocation?
Definition
exchange of parts of no homologous chr. pairs
Term
Deletion?
Definition
loss of part of a chromosome
Term
What's active Transport?
Definition
transport that does require cell energy (ATP)
Term
Name the two types of Active Transport?
Definition
1.Molecular 2.Bulk
Term
What's a cell membrane protein pump?
Definition
Carrier proteins carry L to H concentration,open and close due to protein
Term
Endocytosis? (part of Bulk transport)
Definition
cell membrane ingests a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
Term
What's exocytosis?
Definition
A cell getting rid o' materials
Term
Passive Transport?
Definition
Does NOT require cell energy (ATP)
Term
Diffusion?
Definition
movement o' molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until quilibrium is reached
Term
What's equilibrium?
Definition
concentraiton of molecules is same as or = as the space they occupy
Term
What's Osmosis?
Definition
movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of H to L concentration until equilibrium is reacher
Term
Facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Ions are transported through proteins called ion of H to L concentration
Term
Hypotonic solution?
Definition
low solute concentration
Term
Isotonic solution?
Definition
equal solute concentration
Term
hyptertonic solution?
Definition
high solute concentraiton
Term
Homeostasis?
Definition
maintaining a relatively stable internal environment inside of a multi-cell organism
Term
Cell membranes maintain homeostasis in what two ways?
Definition
Passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Active transport: endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis.
Term
Diffusion through ion channels?
Definition
Ion channels have a hydrophilic core for solutes or ions to pass through. When they are open, ions can pass through them by facilitated diffusion, down concentration gradient.
Term
Photosynthesis occurs in the?
Definition
Chloroplasts
Term
Photosynthesis?
Definition
uses solar energy to power the process that makes organic molecules
Term
Cellular respiration takes place in the _ of the cell?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Autotrophs v. Heterotrophs?
Definition
A:self feeders,make own food from inorganic ingredients,producer H:Other feeders,consumers
Term
Photosynthesis equation?
Definition
6CO2(carbon diox.)+6H2O(water)->C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2(oxygen) *note everything after arrow is a product,everything BEFORE is a reactant
Term
Photosynthesis use _ to make _?
Definition
Photosynthesis uses sunlight to make food (glucose)
Term
Chlorophyll does what to a leaf?
Definition
Gives it its green color
Term
Light reaction vs. dark reaction?
Definition
L:convert solar to chem energy (ATP) D:make sugar (glucose) from carbon dioxide
Term
Pigments associated with photosynthesis? (there are three,and give colors)
Definition
1.Chlorophyll-green 2.CAROTenoids-yellow,orange,and brown 3.Xanthophyll-light yellow
Term
What's cellular respiration?
Definition
Obtaining energy from food
Term
Cellular respiration equation? (PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND THIS ARE THE SAME,JUST OPPOSITES!)
Definition
C6H12O6(Glucose)+6O2(Oxygen)->6CO2(Carbon Dioxide)+6H2O(Water)+ATP
Term
2 types of metabolism for respiration?
Definition
Aerobis-occurs when enough oxy. reaches cell to support energy needs Anaerobic-NOT enough oxygen
Term
Name the 3 steps for Aerobic Respiration?
Definition
1.Glycolysis-breakdown o' glucose into pyruvic acid 2.Kreb's Cycle-completes breakdown o' sugar 3.Electron Transport-yields the most energy
Term
The snail/elodea lab...the plants and snail relate to each other because?
Definition
they are related becasue the equations have the same products and reactants,one can NOT perfrom without the other
Supporting users have an ad free experience!