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Biology 400 Final
Info from Test #6
12
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/17/2010

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Term
Antibiotics: Cell wall targets
Definition
B-Lactam: inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinks, penicillin, cephlosporins
Bacitracin: prevents peptidoglycan from being transported across membrane, only used topically
Term
Antibiotics: Cell membrane targets
Definition
Gramicidin: forms cation channel, can't be ingested
Term
Antibiotics: DNA replication targets
Definition
Sulfa: prevent formation of nucleic acids, inhibit folic acid synthesis
Term
Antibiotics: trasncription targets
Definition
Rifamycin B: blocks initiation of transcription, binds to RNA polymerase
Term
Antibiotics: Translation targets
Definition
Streptomycin: binds to 30s, prevents 50s from binding
Tetracycline: binds to 30s, prevents binding of tRNA to A site
Erythromycin: binds to 50s, pulls tRNA out of P site and stops amino acids from connecting
Chloramphenicol: binds to peptidyltransferase site of 50s, inhibits peptide bonds
Term
Antibiotic Resistance
Definition
1. Mutate target
2. Pump antibiotic out
3. Degrade antibiotic
4. Inactivate it
Term
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Plasmids
Definition
Prokaryotes: circular chromosome, smaller, little noncoding DNA, operons
Eukaryotes: Linear chromosome, bigger, more noncoding DNA, exons and introns
Term
Lactose Operon
Definition
Lac Z: B galactosidase, cleaves lactose
Lac Y: lactose permease, transports lactose across membrane
Lac A: thiogalactoside transacetylase
Term
Causes of Mutations
Definition
1. Radiation
2. Chemicals
3. Reactive Oxygen species
4. DNA replication errors
Term
Types of Mutations
Definition
Silent: changes genotype not phenotype
Missense: Change in amino acid
Nonsense: change to stop codon
Inversion: rotation of sequence
Insertion: addition of new bases
Term
Gene Inversion definitions:
Definition
Phase Variation: alteration of proteins that make surface structure
Immune Avoidance: use of phase variation to avoid antibodies
1. promoter drives expression
2. Recombination
3. Promoter inverted to wrong orientation, doesn't drive expression
4. flagellin transferred
Term
Gene expression tests
Definition
Southern blot: DNA
Northern blot: RNA
Western blot: protein
DNA microarray: RNA
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