Details Title: Biology 261 Description: Exam 2 cards Total Flash Cards: 223 Created: 10/13/2008 13:08:19		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Physiology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Formed elements Definition cells in the blood Term Plasma Definition fluid part of the blood straw-colored liquid consisting of H20 & dissolved solutes Term Albumin  Definition type of plasma protein 60-80% of plasma proteins in blood Creates colloid osmotic pressure that draws H20 from interstitial fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume & pressure Term Globulin Definition plasma protein carries lipids Term Fibrinogen Definition plasma protein clotting factor in blood Term Fibrin Definition made from fibrinogen Platelet plug becomes infiltrated by meshwork of fibrin Term Serum Definition fluid left when blood clots Term Erythrocytes Definition RBC Lack nuclei & mitochondria Each RBC contains ~280 million hemoglobin molecules Term Erythroblast Definition precursor to RBC still contain nucleus Term Reticulocyte Definition immature red blood cell Term Leukocytes Definition WBC Have nucleus, mitochondria, & amoeboid ability Can squeeze through capillary walls (diapedesis also known as extravasation) Term Megakaryocyte Definition pre cursers to platelets Term Diapedesis/ Extravasation Definition ability to squeeze through capillary walls Term Granular leukocytes Definition help detoxify foreign substances & release heparin • Include eosinophils, basophils, & neutrophils Term Eosinophils Definition Granular leukocytes Term Basophils Definition Granular leukocytes Term Hemostasis Definition cessation of bleeding Term Prostacyclin (PGI2) Definition with NO (nitric oxide) Keep clots from forming & are vasodilators Term NO (nitric oxide) Definition with prostacyclin (PGI2--a prostaglandin) – Keep clots from forming & are vasodilators Term vonWillabrand Factor Definition increases platelet bond by binding to both collagen & platelets Term Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) Definition released into blood stream during platelet release reaction stimulate vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow to wound ADP & thromboxane A2 cause other platelets to become sticky & attach & undergo platelet release reaction Term Plasminogen Definition converts into plasmin Term Plasmin Definition digests fibrin, dissolving clot Term Ca++ chelators Definition prevents clotting ex. sodium citrate and EDTA Term Hematocrit Definition seperation of blood into its components Term Neutrolphils Definition Granular leukocytes Term Agranular leukocytes Definition are either destructive and/or phagocytic or produce antibodies • Include lymphocytes & monocytes Term Lymphocytes Definition Are derived from stem cells in bone marrow – Which replace selves by cell division so are not depleted –can mature primarily in either the bone marrow or the thymus, with self-replacing colonies • After maturation they can migrate to the spleen or lymph nodes to continue to replicate Term Thrombocytes/ Platlets Definition Are smallest of formed elements, lack nucleus • Are fragments of megakaryocytes; amoeboid • Constitute most of mass of blood clots • Release serotonin to vasoconstrict & reduce blood flow to clot area • Survive 5-9 days Term Buffy coat Definition platelets and white blood cells <1% of blood Term Hematopoiesis Definition formation of blood cells from stem cells in marrow (myeloid tissue) & lymphoid tissue Term Erythropoiesis Definition formation of RBCs stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) from kidney Term Erythropoietin (Epo) Definition hormone from kidney stimulates red blood cell formation Term Leukopoiesis Definition formation of WBCs stimulated by variety of cytokines Term Cytokines Definition hormones that stimulate white blood cell formation Term Cell-mediated immunity Definition cells enulf and eat unwanted cells Term T-cells/T-Lymphocytes Definition Develop from lymphocytes that seed thymus • Do not secrete antibodies • Attack infected host cells, cancer cells, & foreign cells – Thus they provide cell-mediated immunity Term B-cells/B-lymphocytes Definition Mature in the bone marrow • Fight bacterial infections by secreting antibodies into blood & lymph – Thus provide humoral immunity Term Humoral immunity Definition cells tag unwanted cells for destruction Term Thymus Definition Is located below the thyroid gland • Grows during childhood, gradually regresses after puberty • Contains T cells that supply other tissues – T cells can be depleted, e.g. by AIDs or chemotherapy – These can only be replenished up to late childhood • After that, repopulation is accomplished by production in secondary lymphoid organs Term Platelet release reaction Definition Platelets stick to collagen & release ADP, serotonin, & thromboxane A2 Term Platelet plug Definition Plug & surroundings are infiltrated by web of fibrin, forming clot Term Plug contraction Definition Platelet plug undergoes plug contraction to form more compact plug Term Intrinsic pathway Definition clots damaged vessels & blood left in test tube • Initiated by exposure of blood to negatively charged surface of glass or blood vessel collagen – This activates factor XII (a protease) which initiates a series of clotting factors. Most clotting factors need Ca2+ to be activated. – Ca2+ & phospholipids convert prothrombin to thrombin Term Factor XII (Hageman factor) Definition (a protease) which initiates a series of clotting factors causes activation of kallikrein Term Sodium citrate Definition Ca+2 chelator prevents clotting Term EDTA Definition Ca+2 chelator prevents clotting Term Heparin Definition which activates antithrombin III Term Bone marrow Definition makes red blood cells when stimulated by erythropoietin from kidneys Term Heme group Definition iron found in hemoglobin which holds one oxygen molecule Term Folic acid Definition necessary to create new cells and maintain cells Term B12 Definition important in blood formation Term ABO system Definition major antigen group Term Agglutinate Definition clumping together of RBC by anti-agents in blood only happens when two different blood types are mixed Term Universal donor Definition Type O is “universal donor” because lacks A & B antigens Recipient’s antibodies won’t agglutinate donor’s Type O RBCs Term Universal recipient Definition Type AB is “universal recipient” because doesn’t make anti-A or anti-B antibodies – Won’t agglutinate donor’s RBCs Term Rho(D)/ Rh factor Definition another antigen found on RBC Rh+ has Rho(D) antigens; Rh- does not Term Erythroblastosis fetalis Definition At birth, mother may be exposed to Rh+ blood of fetus – In later pregnancies mom may produce Rh antibodies • In Erythroblastosis fetalis, this happens & antibodies cross placenta causing hemolysis of fetal RBCs Term Chylomicron Definition transport cholesterol and lipids from intestine (dietary) to liver and tissues via blood ex. LDL, HDL Term LDL (low density lipoprotein) Definition transport cholesterol and lipids from liver to tissues. Too much is bad, because if you build up cholesterol and lipids in tissues, i.e. in arteries, this leads to “plaque” build-up and arteriosclerosis Term HDL (high density lipoprotein) Definition transport excess cholesterol from tissues and delivers it to liver HDL = Healthy, excess cholesterol from tissues is “properly” disposed of or stored in the liver for future use Term Polycythemia Definition overproduction of RBC Term Antigen Definition any substance (as a toxin or enzyme or protein) that stimulates the production of antibodies antigens present on RBC surface specify blood type Term Antibody Definition attack antigens Term Prothrombin Definition precursor to thrombin Term Thrombin Definition converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form a mesh Term Extrinsic pathway Definition Damage outside blood vessels releases tissue thromboplastin that triggers a clotting shortcut Term Tissue thromboplastin Definition triggers a clotting shortcut Term Kallikrein Definition converts plasminogen to plasmin Term Antithrombin III Definition blocks thrombin Term Coumarin/warfarin Definition block clotting by indirectly reducing the effects of Ca+2, which results in slower clotting times Term TPA Definition tissue plasminogen activator TPA can be given to patients to activate plasmin Term Preganglionic neuron Definition part of sympathetic nervous system goes from the spinal cord to the sympathetic chain ganglion Term Postganglionic neuron Definition part of sympathetic nervous system go from sympathetic chain ganglion to major organs Term Autonomic ganglion Definition Term Sympathetic nervous system Definition mediates "fight, flight, & stress" reactions Term Paravertebral ganglia Definition form the sympathetic chain ganglion Term Adrenal medulla Definition located in adrenal gland on top of kidney, appears to be a modified collateral ganglion – That release 85% epinephrine (Epi) & 15% norepinephrine (Norepi) into blood in response to preganglionic stimulation Term Epinephrine (Epi) Definition released from adrenal medulla released into blood into response to preganglionic stimulation released during mass activation Term Parasympathetic nervous system Definition mediates "rest & digest" reactions Term Terminal ganglia Definition located next to or inside the target organ synapse on postganglionic neuron Term Vagus nerve/cranial nerve X Definition Innervates heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, & upper half of the large intestine Term Cholinergic Definition release ACh Term Adrenergic Definition release norepinephrine Term Agonist Definition Drugs that promote actions of the normal ligand Term Antagonist Definition Drugs that inhibit actions of the normal ligand Term Nicotine Definition agonist for nicotinic receptors Term Curare Definition antagonist for nicitonic receptors Term Muscarine Definition agonist for muscarinic receptors Term Atropine Definition antagonist for muscurinic receptors Term α1/α2/β1/β2 Definition types of receptors contraction/relaxation/contraction/relaxation Term Phenylephrine Definition nonselective agonist for alpha receptors Term Phenoxybenzamine Definition non-selective antagonist for alpha receptors Term Isoproteronol Definition non-selective agonist for beta receptors treats heart failure Term Albuterol Definition beta 2 agonist used for asthma Term Propranolol Definition non-selective antagonist for beta receptors Term Atenolol Definition antagonist for specific beta 1 receptors used to treat angina pectoralis Term Ephedrine Definition stimulant of NE release Term Amphetamines Definition stimulant for NE release Term Cocaine Definition prevents NE re-uptake Term Varicosites Definition Term Synapses en passant Definition sypmathetic synaptic endings near organs Term Dual innervation Definition one organ is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system Term Pulmonary Definition Term Systemic Definition Term Atria Definition recieve blood from venous system Term Ventricle Definition pump blood to arteries Term Septum Definition layer of muscle that seperates sides of the heart Term Myocardium Definition muscle cells Term Aorta Definition first artery out of the left ventricle Term Pulmonary artery Definition from right ventricle to lungs Term Pulmonary vein Definition from lungs to left atrium Term AV (atrioventricular) valves Definition allows blood to go from atrium to ventricle only one way Term Semilunar valves Definition blocks blood from flowing back into the ventricles Term CO-cardiac output Definition =stroke volume X heart rate Term SA (sinoatrial) node Definition depolarize at 100 bpm start the heart beat of the heart Term Internodal pathway Definition Term AV (atrioventricular) node Definition depolarizes at 60 bpm node for the ventricles delay the signal for .1 sec Term Purkinje Fibers Definition depolarize at 30 bpm Term HCN - hyperpolarization activated cyclic-nucleotide gated Definition Na+ voltage gated channels open when hyperpolarized causes spontaneous depolarization Term Plateau phase (Ca++) Definition caused by a ca influx negating the k output Term SV - stroke volume Definition blood pumped per beat by ventricles avg. 65-70 mL Term EDV - end diastolic volume Definition volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole determined by: end diastolic volume total peripheral resistance contractility Term Ejection fraction Definition Term Frank-Starling Law of the Heart Definition strength of ventricular contraction varies directly with EDV Term Chronotropic effect Definition Term Inotropic Definition Term Intrinisic Definition Term Extrinsic Definition Term Skeletal pump Definition blood is moved toward heart by contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle Term Venous return Definition return of blood to heart via veins dependent on: blood volume and venous pressure vasocontraction skeletal muscle pump pressure drop during inhalation Term Capacitance vessels Definition Term Compliance Definition Term Isovolumetric contraction Definition Term Isovolumetric relaxation Definition Term Heart murmurs Definition Are abnormal sounds produced by abnormal patterns of blood flow in heart • Many caused by defective heart valves – Can be of congenital origin (congenital means present at birth, but not necessarily hereditary) • Heart valve defects are not always life threatening - we can tolerate some backward flow of blood Term Rheumatic fever Definition causes thickened and calcified mitral valve Term Mitral stenosis Definition thickening of mitral valve Term TPR-total peripheral resistance Definition main sources: vessel diameter blood viscosity total vessel length Term Viscosity Definition thickness of blood Term Poiseuilles law Definition describes factors affecting blood flow Q=change in pressure(r4)(x)/nL(8) Term MAP-mean arterial pressure Definition Term Precapillary sphincters Definition direct the blood to certain areas of capillaries Term Continuous capillary Definition endothelial cells are tightly held together only permit exchange of small molecules found in: muscle, lungs, adipose Term Fenestrated capillary Definition have wide pores in endothelial cells found in: kidneys, endocrine cells Term Discontinuous capillary Definition have large gaps in endothelium found in: liver, spleen, bone marrow Term Atherosclerosis Definition plaque build up at site of endothelial injury Term Atheroma Definition Term Angiogram Definition Term Angioplasty Definition Term Thrombus Definition Term Embolus Definition Term Stent Definition Term Ischemia Definition Term Angina pectoris Definition Term MI (myocardial infarction) Definition Term Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Definition Term Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Definition Term Myogenic regulation Definition Term Metabolic regulation Definition Term Cutaneous Definition Term Thermoregulation Definition Term Definition Term Baroreceptors Definition Term Vasomoter control center Definition Term Cardiac control center Definition Term Carotid sinus baroreceptor Definition Term Aortic arch baroreceptor Definition Term Atrial stretch receptor Definition Term ANP-atrial natriuretic peptide Definition Term Primary/Essential hypertension Definition Term Secondary hypertension Definition Term Congestive heart failure Definition Term Hypovolemic shock Definition Term Septic shock Definition Term Sepsis Definition Term Endotoxin Definition Term Anaphylactic shock Definition Term Neurogenic shock Definition Term Cardiogenic shock Definition Term Colloid osmotic pressure – AKA Oncotic pressure Definition Term Starling forces Definition Term (Ultra)filtration Definition Term Reabsorption Definition Term Asymptomatic Definition Term Lymphatic system Definition Term Lymph Definition Term Lymph duct Definition Term Lymph nodes Definition Term Thoracic duct Definition Term Right lymphatic duct Definition Term Edema Definition Term Myxedema Definition Term Electrocardiogram Definition Term Dipole Definition Term QRS complex Definition Term T-wave Definition Term P-R interval Definition Term Arrhythmia Definition Term Myopathes Definition Term Bradycardia Definition Term Tachycardia Definition Term Flutter Definition Term Fibrillation Definition Term Electrical defibrillation Definition Term 1st degree (primary) AV block Definition Term 2nd degree (secondary) AV block Definition Term 3rd degree (complete) AV block Definition Term Self vs. Non-self Definition Term Innate immunity Definition Term Adaptive immunity Definition Term PAMP's Definition Term LPS Definition Term Extravasation Definition Term Diapedesis Definition Term Pyrogens Definition Term Haptens Definition Term Opsinization Definition Term Mast cells Definition Term Heparin Definition Term Histamine Definition Term Leukotrienes Definition Term Definition