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Biology 2220 Chapter 2 Anatomy Northwestern State University
Chapter Two @ NSU Shreveport Dr.Darvish
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/23/2009

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Term
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Definition
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Term
The scientific study of cellular structure and function is called
Definition
Cytology
Term
All cells have (Please Learn Cells Now)
Definition
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acid
Term
Photomicrographics
Definition
photographs of tissues and cells taken through the microscope.
Term
The LM or Light Microscope
Definition
uses visible light to produce its images. Single lens.. up to 1,200x magnification
Term
Resolution
Definition
the ability to reveal detail.
Term
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Definition
view objects as small as .5 nm and can magnify up to 600,000x
Term
Fine detail is called cell ________
Definition
Ultrastructure
Term
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Definition
uses gold on the specimen... SEM yields less resolution and lower magnification but produces dramatic 3d images
Term
There are _____ to ______ kinds of cells.
Definition
200-300
Term
The most useful unit of measurement for designating cell sizes is the
Definition
micrometer
Term
Cells have the following Major components
Definition
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, Organelles, Inclusions, Cytosol, Nucleoplasm
Term
The ________ __________ forms the surface boundary of the cell
Definition
Plasma membrane
Term
The material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus is the
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
the material within the nucleus is the
Definition
nucleoplasm.
Term
Cytoplasm is
Definition
the contents of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope it contains the cytoskeleton, a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules
Term
Organelles are
Definition
diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell
Term
Inclusions
Definition
are not metabolically active parts of the cell but include stored cell products such as lipids and pigments and foreign bodies such as dust and bacteria
Term
The Cytoskeleton, organelles and inclusions are embedded in a clear gel called ______
Definition
cytosol
Term
cytosol is also called ICF... what does ICF stand for
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
a lipid composed of a hydrophilic head with a phosphate group and a nitrogenous group such as choline, and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Definition
phospholipid
Term
20% of lipid molecules are
Definition
cholesterol
Term
5% of membrane lipids are
Definition
glycolipids
Term
glycolipids are
Definition
phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains bound to them.
Term
Proteins constitute from 1% to 10% of the molecules of the plasma membrane. Those that pass all the way through the membrane are called _______ ______
Definition
transmembrane proteins
Term
_______ ________ are those that do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to either face of the membrane, usually the intracellular face.
Definition
peripheral proteins
Term
is the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
______ occurs when water is more concentrated to the side where it is less concentrated
Definition
osmosis, it is a form of simple diffusion
Term
______ _______ a process of solute transport through a cellular membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier protein, the carrier does not consume ATP
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
________ any process of vesicular transport of materials from the extracellular material into a cell, includes pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Definition
endocytosis
Term
____________a mode of vesicular transport in which a secretory vesicle of a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents from the cell / secretion and discharge of cellular wastes.
Definition
exocytosis
Term
phagocytosis is also called
Definition
cell eating.. it reaches out with pseudopods (foot like extensions) and surrounds a particle such as a bacteria to a phagosome to be digested.... IE.. white blood cells.
Term
_________a form of endocytosis in which the plasma membrane sinks in and internalizes a droplet of extracellular fluid in a pinocytotic vesicle
Definition
pinocytosis aka cell drinking.
Term
Phospholipids are ______
Definition
amphipathic
Term
99% of the function of the cell is done by
Definition
Proteins ///peripheral proteins that are attached and integral protein that are in the membrane
Term
________reacts with water and ______ doest not react with water
Definition
polar and nonpolar
Term
__________ speeds up rate of chemical reaction// biological catalyst
Definition
enzymes
Term
__________ for hormones or neurotransmitters, serves as markers aka _________
Definition
Recepters / antigens
Term
Currency for a cell is
Definition
ATP // adenosine triphosphate
Term
there are 27,000 to 30,000 different kinds of
Definition
proteins
Term
_______ is the brain of the cell// contains the dna information/// has a double membrane
Definition
nucleus
Term
the nuclear pore passes
Definition
synthesized proteins
Term
command center of the cell, directs cell activity
Definition
nucleus
Term
every gene has _____ region and a ________
Definition
coding region and a promoter, the promoter can be turned on or off // prevents or allows transcribing //
Term
Chromatin contains
Definition
DNS + Histones
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum combined with ribosomes create
Definition
rough endoplasmic reticulums
Term
the _____ ______ is a small system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids
Definition
Golgi complex
Term
The cell cycle 4 phases are
Definition
G1, S, G2, M
Term
during the __ _ phase the cell synthesizes proteins
Definition
G1
Term
during the ______ phase carries out dna replication
Definition
Synthesis or S phase
Term
during G2 phase what happens
Definition
it is a brief interval between dna replication and cell division, a cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division
Term
phases G1, S, G2 are referred to as ______ phase, and the M phase is when the cell splits
Definition
interphase
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