Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Biology 212 Quiz 5
Lectures 13, 14, 15
52
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
signal transduction
Definition
linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response
Term
chemical communication
Definition
Chemical communication involves pheromones (chemical signals
Term
hormone
Definition
one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning
Term
signal reception
Definition
process of ligand binding to the receptors; mimic a lock and key model. There are three major types of signal receptors: receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), G protein-coupled receptors (GCPRs) and intracellular receptors
Term
intracellular receptors
Definition
found in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells, chemical messenger passes through the target cell's plasma membrane
Term
plasma membrane receptors
Definition
transmits information from the extracellular environment to the inside of the cell by changing shape or aggregating when a specific ligand binds to it
Term
cellular response (to a signal
Definition
could be a catalysis by an enzyme, rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, activation of specific genes in the nucleus
Term
transcription factor
Definition
regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes
Term
GTP
Definition
guanosine triphosphate, similar to ATP, G protein binds it, It can act as a substrate for the synthesis of RNA during the transcription process. Its structure is similar to that of the guanine nucleobase,GTP is essential to signal transduction, particularly with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) through the action of GTPases
Term
GDP
Definition
GTP is essential to signal transduction, particularly with G-proteins, in second-messenger mechanisms where it is converted to GDP (guanosine diphosphate) through the action of GTPases
Term
roots
Definition
anchors plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil
Term
stem
Definition
alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures
Term
nodes
Definition
point along stem of a plant at which leaves are attached
Term
internode
Definition
segment of plant stem between the points where leaves are attached
Term
leaves
Definition
main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
Term
petiole
Definition
stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
Term
blade
Definition
flattened portion of a typical leaf
Term
vein
Definition
vascular bundle in a leaf
Term
angiosperms
Definition
flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary
Term
dicots
Definition
flowering plants with two embryonic seed leaves, also called eudicots
Term
monocot
Definition
flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf
Term
bud
Definition
something that will grow into flower or branch
Term
axillary bud
Definition
potential to form a lateral shoot, or a branch, appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem
Term
apex
Definition
the highest point
Term
axial
Definition
Along the same line as an axis of rotation
Term
terminal
Definition
of or relating to or situated at the ends
Term
lateral
Definition
to the side
Term
cotyledon
Definition
seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo, some species have one, some have two
Term
root hair
Definition
tiny extension of a root epidermal cell, growing just behind the root tip and increasing surface area for absorption of water and minerals
Term
compound leaf
Definition
blade consists of multiple leaflets
Term
plant organ
Definition
a functional and structural unit of a plant, 2 organ systems: shoot and root
Term
plant tissue
Definition
3 types: dermal, vascular, ground
Term
dermal
Definition
outer protective covering of plants
Term
vascular
Definition
formed by xylem and phloem, transports water and minerals, transports sugars, products of photosynthesis, tubes that transport throughout plant body
Term
ground
Definition
neither vascular or dermal, fulfilling variety of functions like storage, photosynthesis, and support
Term
phloem
Definition
transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
Term
sieve cell
Definition
conducts sugars and other organic nutrients in the phloem, connected end to end form sieve tubes
Term
xylem
Definition
move water and minerals up from roots to rest of plant
Term
tracheid
Definition
long, tapered water conducting cell found in the xylem, function tracheids are no longer living
Term
vessel element
Definition
short, wide water conducting cell found in the xylem, dead at maturity, aligned end to end to form micropipes called vessels
Term
G-protein
Definition
re a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors
Term
kinase
Definition
enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein
Term
tyrosine kinase
Definition
an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions.
Term
serine kinase
Definition
same
Term
gated ion channel
Definition
gated channel for a specific ion, the opening or closing of such channels may alter the membrane potential
Term
phosphorylation cascade
Definition
a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins.
Term
second messenger
Definition
molecules that relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Term
cAMP
Definition
s a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.
Term
cGMP
Definition
a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP, most notably by activating intracellular protein kinases in response to the binding of membrane-impermeable peptide hormones to the external cell surface.[1]
Term
intracellular calcium ion concentration
Definition
Term
signal amplification
Definition
A principle of signal transduction is the signal amplification. The binding of one or a few neurotransmitter molecules can enable the entry of millions of ions.
Term
growth factor
Definition
regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation
Supporting users have an ad free experience!